ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2021
Germinal center-dependent and -independent memory B cells produced throughout the immune response.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- BRWD1 directs B cell epigenetic states required for germinal center initiation, maintenance and function.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Interferon-Mediated Regulation of Memory B Cell Identity and Function.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Human primary antibody response to vaccination follows a partially sequential class-switching program with a checkpoint at IGHG2.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Germinal center-independent memory B cells provide rapid protection from lethal influenza challenges.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Clonal dynamics of germinal center refueling by secondary immunization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multiple roads to IgE memory: A pluralistic model of IgE immunity.Cell reports · 2026Review
- Extrafollicular and other non-germinal center B cell responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- The multilayered identity of B cell memory.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Analysis of the Short- and Long-Term Immune Response in BALB/c Mice Immunized with TotalTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Memory B cell development in response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 and nanoparticle immunization in mice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Age-associated B-cells across the rheumatoid arthritis continuum: from early immunopathogenesis to comorbidities.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Extrafollicular B Cell Responses-Is One Tent Big Enough?Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Clonal expansion and diversification of germinal center and memory B cell responses to booster immunization in primates.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Germinal Center B cells provide essential IL-1β signals to TFH cells via canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activity post influenza infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- BLIMP1 controls GC B cell expansion and exit through regulating cell cycle progression and key transcription factors BCL6 and IRF4.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Clonal Expansion and Diversification of Germinal Center and Memory B Cell Responses to Booster Immunization in Primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Coordinated Regulation of Extrafollicular B Cell Responses by IL-12 and IFNγ.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
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- Polarization of the memory B-cell response.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Memory B cells comprise a heterogenous group of cells that differ in origin and phenotype. During the early phases of the immune response, activated B cells can differentiate into IgM-expressing memory cells, short-lived plasma cells, or seed germinal centers (GCs). The memory compartment is subsequently enriched by B cells that have been through several rounds of division and selection in the GC. Here, we report on the use of an unbiased lineage-tracking approach to explore the origins and properties of memory B cell subsets in mice with an intact immune system. We find that activated B cells continue to differentiate into memory B cells throughout the immune response. When defined on the basis of their origins, the memory B cells originating from activated B cells or GCs differ in isotype and overall gene expression, somatic hypermutation, and their affinity for antigen.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.