Trial reportAddiction (Abingdon, England)2022
Changes in dependence, withdrawal, and craving among adult smokers who switch to nicotine salt pod-based e-cigarettes.
Trial report in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Patterns of e-Cigarette Use and Smoking Cessation Outcomes: Secondary Analysis of a Large Randomised Controlled Trial to Inform Clinical Advice.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Standardized research electronic cigarette acceptability among adult men and women who smoke combustible cigarettes.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2025Trial
- Using Pod Based e-Cigarettes and Nicotine Pouches to Reduce Harm for Adults With Low Socioeconomic Status Who Smoke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Nicotine Delivery and Changes in Withdrawal and Craving During Acute Electronic Cigarette, Heated Tobacco Product, and Cigarette Use Among a Sample of Black and White People Who Smoke.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Quit journey lessons: qualitative insights from men in Qatar who formerly vaped.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Differences in AUTOS- and FTND-assessed dependence on various tobacco products among Chinese current tobacco/nicotine users.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation.Tobacco control · 2026Review
- Evaluating the Effect of the JUUL2 System With 5 Flavors on Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Product Use Behaviors Among Adults Who Smoke Cigarettes: 6-Week Actual Use Study.Interactive journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Article
- Nicotine Intake in Adult Pod E-cigarette Users: Impact of User and Device Characteristics.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Concurrent Choice Assessment of Preference and Substitutability of E-cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products for Combustible Cigarettes Among African American and White Smokers.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Changes in dependence over one year among US adults who smoke cigarettes and switched completely or partially to use of the JUUL-brand electronic nicotine delivery system.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
- The associations between e-liquid characteristics and its pricing: Evidence from online vape shops.PloS one · 2023Article
- Nicotine Dependence among Current Cigarette Smokers Who Use E-Cigarettes and Cannabis.Substance use & misuse · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsFor electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to be a viable substitute for combustible cigarettes, it is likely that they must be rewarding enough for regular use, indicated by factors such as craving and dependence, important aspects of reinforcement. This study aimed to understand short-term changes in measures of nicotine dependence between groups differing by use trajectory in a switching trial, and within group changes of these measures.
designSecondary data analysis of one arm of an e-cigarette randomized clinical trial.
settingSan Diego, California and Kansas City, Missouri, United States.
participants114 African American (n = 60) and Latinx (n = 54) smokers (58.8% male) attempting to switch to nicotine salt pod system (NSPS) e-cigarettes in a 6-week trial. MEASUREMENTS: At week 6, participants were classified by use trajectory: exclusive smokers (n = 16), exclusive e-cigarette (n = 32), or dual users (n = 66). E-cigarette, cigarette, and total nicotine dependence (cigarette + e-cigarette), use patterns, cigarette craving and nicotine withdrawal, and cotinine were assessed at baseline and week 6 using standard measures.
findingsIn between group comparisons, exclusive e-cigarette and dual users showed greater reductions in cigarette dependence (e-cigarette: -32.38, 95% CI = -37.7,-27.1; dual: -18.48, 95% CI = -22.2,-14.7), withdrawal (e-cigarette: -6.25, 95% CI = -8.52,-3.98; dual: -3.18, 95% CI = -5.02,-1.34), craving (e-cigarette: -11.44, 95% CI = -14.2,8.7; dual: -9.59, 95% CI = -11.6,-7.59), and cigarettes per day (CPD; e-cigarette: -11.19, 95% CI = -13.1,-9.27; dual: -9.39, 95% CI = -11.3, -7.52) compared with exclusive smokers. In within group analyses, e-cigarette and dual users showed reductions in craving and withdrawal from baseline to week 6. Exclusive e-cigarette and dual users, maintained cotinine levels (all Ps > 0.05) and showed reductions in CPD and cigarette dependence (all Ps < 0.01). Findings were inconclusive regarding changes in total nicotine dependence from baseline to week 6 among exclusive e-cigarette users (P = 0.123). Dual users showed increased total nicotine dependence (P < 0.001) and smokers showed decreased total dependence (P = 0.004).
conclusionsSmokers who switch to nicotine salt pod system e-cigarettes maintain their nicotine levels and transfer their dependence, suggesting that nicotine salt pod system e-cigarettes have a similar reinforcement potential to cigarettes and facilitate switching.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.