Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34103558›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Evolution of networks of protein domain organization.

M Fayez Aziz, Gustavo Caetano-Anollés

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed
3.0field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  3. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Plant Cysteine Oxidase (International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
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  6. Tracing Molecular Chronologies Onto Growing Biological Networks.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026
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  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. The Evolutionary Potential of Chromoanagenesis.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025
    Article
  13. Review
  14. Molecular Functional and Transcriptome Analysis ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
    Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

M Fayez AzizEvolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
Gustavo Caetano-AnollésEvolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. gca@illinois.edu.
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Domains are the structural, functional and evolutionary units of proteins. They combine to form multidomain proteins. The evolutionary history of this molecular combinatorics has been studied with phylogenomic methods. Here, we construct networks of domain organization and explore their evolution. A time series of networks revealed two ancient waves of structural novelty arising from ancient 'p-loop' and 'winged helix' domains and a massive 'big bang' of domain organization. The evolutionary recruitment of domains was highly modular, hierarchical and ongoing. Domain rearrangements elicited non-random and scale-free network structure. Comparative analyses of preferential attachment, randomness and modularity showed yin-and-yang complementary transition and biphasic patterns along the structural chronology. Remarkably, the evolving networks highlighted a central evolutionary role of cofactor-supporting structures of non-ribosomal peptide synthesis pathways, likely crucial to the early development of the genetic code. Some highly modular domains featured dual response regulation in two-component signal transduction systems with DNA-binding activity linked to transcriptional regulation of responses to environmental change. Interestingly, hub domains across the evolving networks shared the historical role of DNA binding and editing, an ancient protein function in molecular evolution. Our investigation unfolds historical source-sink patterns of evolutionary recruitment that further our understanding of protein architectures and functions.

Indexed as

Evolution, MolecularProtein DomainsArchaeal ProteinsBacterial ProteinsCalibrationCluster AnalysisComputational BiologyEukaryotic CellsGenomicsModels, BiologicalMolecular BiologyPhylogenyProtein ConformationProteomicsRegression AnalysisArchaeal ProteinsBacterial Proteins

Identifiers

PMID34103558
PMCPMC8187734
OpenAlexW3111755734

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.