ArticleNature communications2021
Living fabrication of functional semi-interpenetrating polymeric materials.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tailored living mycelium macerate for reproducible flexible actuators.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Boolean Logic-Based Control Over Recombinant Protein Biomaterial Degradability and Therapeutic Delivery.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Engineering microbial consortia for distributed signal processing.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Programmable Semi-Interpenetrating Living Materials With Robust Stability for Versatile Bioremediation and Biotherapeutics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Living Hydrogels: Harnessing Microorganism-Material Synergy for Next-Generation Therapeutics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Functionalized metal-organic framework-based photosensitive hydrogel eye drops for inhibition of corneal neovascularization and promotion of epithelial repair.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Article
- Transcriptional regulation of living materials via extracellular electron transfer.Nature chemical biology · 2024Article
- Accelerating the design of pili-enabled living materials using an integrative technological workflow.Nature chemical biology · 2024Article
- Improved Loading Capacity and Viability of Probiotics Encapsulated in Alginate Hydrogel Beads by In Situ Cultivation Method.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Applications of synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Programming the lifestyles of engineered bacteria for cancer therapy.National science review · 2023Article
- Engineering living materials by synthetic biology.Biophysics reviews · 2023Review
- Bioresource Upgrade for Sustainable Energy, Environment, and Biomedicine.Nano-micro letters · 2023Review
- Engineering consortia by polymeric microbial swarmbots.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Engineered Living Hydrogels.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2022Review
- Biomaterials to enhance stem cell transplantation.Cell stem cell · 2022Review
- Protein Splicing of Inteins: A Powerful Tool in Synthetic Biology.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cell-mediated living fabrication has great promise for generating materials with versatile, programmable functions. Here, we demonstrate the engineering of living materials consisting of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (sIPN). The fabrication process is driven by the engineered bacteria encapsulated in a polymeric microcapsule, which serves as the initial scaffold. The bacteria grow and undergo programmed lysis in a density-dependent manner, releasing protein monomers decorated with reactive tags. Those protein monomers polymerize with each other to form the second polymeric component that is interlaced with the initial crosslinked polymeric scaffold. The formation of sIPN serves the dual purposes of enhancing the mechanical property of the living materials and anchoring effector proteins for diverse applications. The material is resilient to perturbations because of the continual assembly of the protein mesh from the monomers released by the engineered bacteria. We demonstrate the adoption of the platform to protect gut microbiota in animals from antibiotic-mediated perturbations. Our work lays the foundation for programming functional living materials for diverse applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.