ReviewGut2021
Hepatitis D virus in 2021: virology, immunology and new treatment approaches for a difficult-to-treat disease.
Review in Gut, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 220 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Neuroimmunome of Hepatitis Patients Associates With Disease Severity.Journal of medical virology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- KASL clinical practice guidelines for management of chronic hepatitis B.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2022Guideline
- Safety and efficacy of libevitug in patients with chronic hepatitis B and D virus coinfection: A single-center, open-label, phase IIa trial in China.Hepatology communications · 2026Trial
- Frequency, Severity and Impact of Pegylated Interferon Alpha-Associated Flares in Hepatitis D Infection.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2025Trial
- Geospatial Discrepancy of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Testing in Alberta: A Population-Based Spatial Analysis.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Article
- The Impact of Chronic Hepatitis D Virus Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life and Fatigue: A Real-World International Study.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Article
- Therapeutic vaccination strategy targeting the PreS1 region of L-HBsAg for HBV/HDV co-infection.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
- From Diagnosis to Durability: A Review of the European Bulevirtide Experience and Practical Learnings for CHD Management.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Review
- Absence of Detectable Anti-HDV Antibodies Among HBsAg-Positive Blood Donors, HIV-Infected Individuals and Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B in Sao Paulo, Brazil: Evaluation Using a Rapid Lateral Flow Assay.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Article
- Chronic hepatitis D in Austria: high burden of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, IL28B C/C as unfavorable factor, increased systemic inflammation in decompensation.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Article
- Double trouble: how co- and superinfections shape viral dynamics and host responses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- KASL clinical practice guidelines for management of chronic hepatitis B Endorsed by the East Asia Liver Alliance (EALA).Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Article
- Topological Stability and Transcritical Bifurcations in a Target-Cell-Limited Model of HBV-HDV Viral Interference.Viruses · 2026Article
- Chronic HDV Infection Shows Higher HBsAg Isoform Levels than HBV Infection, Paralleling HDV Replicative Activity.Viruses · 2026Article
- Review
- Combination therapy with tobevibart and elebsiran potently reduces hepatitis B virus surface antigen levels in preclinicalAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Unveiling DNAJB12 and DNAJB14 as crucial chaperones in hepatitis B and D virus particle morphogenesis.iScience · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanism of resistance to lonafarnib conferred by mutations in the cysteine-rich region of respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein and discovery of a lonafarnib-derived antiviral PROTAC.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic, preventive, and pathogenetic advances in viral hepatitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Approximately 5% of individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are coinfected with hepatitis D virus (HDV). Chronic HBV/HDV coinfection is associated with an unfavourable outcome, with many patients developing liver cirrhosis, liver failure and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma within 5-10 years. The identification of the HBV/HDV receptor and the development of novel in vitro and animal infection models allowed a more detailed study of the HDV life cycle in recent years, facilitating the development of specific antiviral drugs. The characterisation of HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+T cell epitopes in untreated and treated patients also permitted a more precise understanding of HDV immunobiology and possibly paves the way for immunotherapeutic strategies to support upcoming specific therapies targeting viral or host factors. Pegylated interferon-α has been used for treating HDV patients for the last 30 years with only limited sustained responses. Here we describe novel treatment options with regard to their mode of action and their clinical effectiveness. Of those, the entry-inhibitor bulevirtide (formerly known as myrcludex B) received conditional marketing authorisation in the European Union (EU) in 2020 (Hepcludex). One additional drug, the prenylation inhibitor lonafarnib, is currently under investigation in phase III clinical trials. Other treatment strategies aim at targeting hepatitis B surface antigen, including the nucleic acid polymer REP2139Ca. These recent advances in HDV virology, immunology and treatment are important steps to make HDV a less difficult-to-treat virus and will be discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.