ArticleBMJ global health2021
The secondary transmission pattern of COVID-19 based on contact tracing in Rwanda.
Article in BMJ global health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of disease severity, age, sex, comorbidity, and vaccination on secondary attack rates of SARS-CoV-2: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Factors Associated With Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- Assessing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in African households from the reanalysis of serosurveys.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Understanding pandemics through molecular gas dynamics.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Estimating Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Transmission of the COVID-19 First Few Cases in Selenge Province, Mongolia.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Transmissibility and severity of COVID-19 in a humanitarian setting: First few X investigation of cases and contacts in Juba, South Sudan, 2020.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- Third COVID-19 vaccine dose boosts antibody function in Rwandans with high HIV viral load.iScience · 2023Article
- Spatio-temporal dynamic of the COVID-19 epidemic and the impact of imported cases in Rwanda.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Association Between Population-Level Factors and Household Secondary Attack Rate of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- SMS-based digital health intervention in Rwanda's home-based care program for remote management of COVID-19 cases and contacts: A qualitative study of sustainability and scalability.Frontiers in digital health · 2022Article
- Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Bhutan.BioMed research international · 2022Observational
- A network meta-analysis of secondary attack rates of COVID-19 in different contact environments.Epidemiology and infection · 2021Review
- Building toward useful SARS-CoV-2 models in Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionCOVID-19 has shown an exceptionally high spread rate across and within countries worldwide. Understanding the dynamics of such an infectious disease transmission is critical for devising strategies to control its spread. In particular, Rwanda was one of the African countries that started COVID-19 preparedness early in January 2020, and a total lockdown was imposed when the country had only 18 COVID-19 confirmed cases known. Using intensive contact tracing, several infections were identified, with the majority of them being returning travellers and their close contacts. We used the contact tracing data in Rwanda for understanding the geographic patterns of COVID-19 to inform targeted interventions.
methodsWe estimated the attack rates and identified risk factors associated to COVID-19 spread. We used Bayesian disease mapping models to assess the spatial pattern of COVID-19 and to identify areas characterised by unusually high or low relative risk. In addition, we used multiple variable conditional logistic regression to assess the impact of the risk factors.
resultsThe results showed that COVID-19 cases in Rwanda are localised mainly in the central regions and in the southwest of Rwanda and that some clusters occurred in the northeast of Rwanda. Relationship to the index case, being male and coworkers are the important risk factors for COVID-19 transmission in Rwanda.
conclusionThe analysis of contact tracing data using spatial modelling allowed us to identify high-risk areas at subnational level in Rwanda. Estimating risk factors for infection with SARS-CoV-2 is vital in identifying the clusters in low spread of SARS-CoV-2 subnational level. It is imperative to understand the interactions between the index case and contacts to identify superspreaders, risk factors and high-risk places. The findings recommend that self-isolation at home in Rwanda should be reviewed to limit secondary cases from the same households and spatiotemporal analysis should be introduced in routine monitoring of COVID-19 in Rwanda for policy making decision on real time.
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