ReviewInternational journal of retina and vitreous2021
Smartphone fundus photography: a narrative review.
Review in International journal of retina and vitreous, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic Likelihood Ratios for Glaucoma Using Deep Learning-Predicted Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness from Fundus Photographs.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- The Underutilized Ocular Fundus in Emergency Departments: Current Progress and Future Prospect of Imaging and Artificial Intelligence for Patient Care.Ophthalmology science · 2026Review
- Early Detection of Glaucoma and Diabetic Retinopathy in Low-Resource Settings: Barriers and Solutions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Leveraging fundus images for on device eye disease diagnosis with AI powered lightweight software hardware framework.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluating Fundoscopy as a Screening Tool for Optic Nerve Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: An Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Comparative Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- ASSESSMENT OF TOOTH COLOR DIFFERENCE IN DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN WITH DIFFERENT SMARTPHONES.Acta clinica Croatica · 2024Review
- Infectious eye disease in the 21st century-an overview.Eye (London, England) · 2024Review
- Development of 3D-printed universal adapter in enhancing retinal imaging accessibility.3D printing in medicine · 2024Article
- Clinical Applications and Future Directions of Smartphone Fundus Imaging.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Prevalence of Selected Ophthalmic Diseases Using a Smartphone-Based Fundus Imaging System in Quang Tri and Thai Nguyen, Vietnam.Healthcare informatics research · 2024Article
- Screening of Moyamoya Disease From Retinal Photographs: Development and Validation of Deep Learning Algorithms.Stroke · 2024Observational
- Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Review
- The Versatile Teaching Eye: an affordable, 3D-printed model eye for simulating ophthalmic examination.Digital journal of ophthalmology : DJO · 2024Article
- Photonic crystal enhanced immunofluorescence biosensor integrated with a lateral flow microchip: Toward rapid tear-based diabetic retinopathy screening.Biomicrofluidics · 2023Article
- Hemorrhage segmentation in mobile-phone retinal images using multiregion contrast enhancement and iterative NICK thresholding region growing.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Ophthalmic imaging in diabetic retinopathy: A review.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2022Review
- Estimation of best corrected visual acuity based on deep neural network.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A deep-learning system predicts glaucoma incidence and progression using retinal photographs.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Article
- Investigating the light emitting diode (LED) flashlight characteristics of a sample of smartphones for its safety in indirect retinal photography.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Article
- The effect of photographic light brightness on cup to disc ratio grading.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe idea to use smartphone for fundus photography was put forward in 2010. Over the last decade, there has been a dramatic development in this field. This narrative review focuses on the principle of smartphone fundus photography, how to master this technique, problems encountered by the beginners, camera applications/devices designed for this purpose and the safety profile of smartphone flashlights for retinal photoreceptors. DISCUSSION: Smartphone fundus photography using a condensing lens is based on the same principle as indirect ophthalmoscopy. Smartphone flashlight serves the purpose of light source or illuminating system. Real and inverted image of the retina is focused by the smartphone camera after adjustment of the filming distance. Beginners can face difficulties like adjustment of the filming distance, glare from condensing lens and reflection from the ceiling lights. Mobile camera applications and holding devices designed for this purpose can help the beginners to address these difficulties. There have been safety concerns about photo-biological risk for retinal photoreceptors by flashlight. Although the spectral irradiance on the retina, while using smartphone for fundus imaging is within the safety limits set by ISO 15004-2.2. The safety profile of latest model flashlights which deliver more power compared to older flashlights, need to be assessed.
conclusionSmartphone fundus photography is a cheap, cost effective, portable and a convenient method for retinal imaging. With practice and use of smartphone camera applications designed for this purpose, the beginners can master this technique. By training young ophthalmology residents and ophthalmic primary caretakers, this retinal imaging technique can be utilized for artificial intelligence, patient diagnostic and educational purposes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.