ArticleJournal of affective disorders2021
Anxiety during the Pandemic: Racial and ethnic differences in the trajectory of fear.
Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- A narrative systematic review of changes in mental health symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychological medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Fear of COVID-19 over the first year of the pandemic: Effect on anxiety, depression, and substance use, taking mental health support into account.Global epidemiology · 2026Article
- Political Beliefs and Legitimacy of Government Restrictions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Does a growth mindset curb anxiety among Chinese medical students? Validation based on propensity score matching.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Feeling Connected to Nature Attenuates the Association between Complicated Grief and Mental Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Demographic and COVID-19-Related Factors Associated with Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms Among African American and Latina Women in a Midwestern State.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- A Digital Music-Based Mindfulness Intervention for Black Americans With Elevated Race-Based Anxiety: A Multiple-Baseline Pilot Study.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Effects of Locomotion Regulatory Mode on COVID-19 Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Resilience.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on older cancer patients: Proposed solution by the International Geriatric Radiotherapy Group.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Racial and ethnic differences in perseverative cognition at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- Factors Associated With Experiences of Fear, Anxiety, Depression, and Changes in Sleep Pattern During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- A cross-sectional study of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on camped refugees in Ghana.PloS one · 2022Article
- COVID-19-Related Stressors and Mental Health Disorders Among US Adults.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn addition to the threat of serious illness, COVID-19 brought abrupt changes in lifestyle resulting in widespread fear among many Americans. This study examines the evolution of anxiety over the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, testing for differential experiences among vulnerable populations.
methodsPhase 1 of the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey details the frequency of anxiety among a nationally representative sample of adults from April 23, 2020 through July 21, 2020. Negative binomial regression assessed differences in the frequency of anxiety among demographic, income, health and employment status cohorts. Propensity score matching to the 2019 National Health Interview Survey allowed previous anxiety and health status to be included in the model.
resultsAnxiety frequency for 944,719 individuals was observed over three months. Whites, blacks and Hispanics showed increasing frequency of anxiety over the time period, particularly blacks. Prior to COVID-19, 13% of respondents reported regular or semiregular anxiety, compared to 25-35% during the pandemic. Regression analysis suggests that frequent anxiety was highly and positively correlated with COVID-19 case fatality rate and higher levels of frequency were observed among those with poor health, incomes below $25,000, and without paid employment. LIMITATIONS: Causal inference was not able to be investigated due to the cross-sectional study design.
conclusionsWhile blacks showed lower levels of anxiety initially, the proportion of the population experiencing regular anxiety increased nearly 20% over the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. This rapid increase in anxiety could be due to inequity in health and economic outcomes among blacks.
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