ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2021
Trends in homelessness and injection practices among young urban and suburban people who inject drugs: 1997-2017.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Trends in HCV Prevalence and Risk Factors Among People who Inject Drugs in Los Angeles County, 2012-2024.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Increases in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Treatment and Cure Among People Who Inject Drugs in the Seattle Area Between 2018 and 2022.AIDS and behavior · 2026Review
- Integrated Studies of Infectious Disease Elimination (InSIDE): Hepatitis C Antibody and RNA Status of Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York State, 2021-2023.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Article
- Dying younger, dying of overdose: gendered and age dimensions of mortality and shelter service access among individuals experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada.BMC public health · 2026Article
- HIV Risk Behaviors Among Community-Recruited Older People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) Prescreening for HPTN 094 in Washington, DC.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Evaluating the implementation and impact of harm reduction vending machines in veterans supportive housing settings: a mixed-methods study protocol.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Qualitative analysis of barriers and facilitators to healthcare engagement for people with injecting-related invasive infections using a social ecological framework.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject drugs.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- The prevalence of homelessness and its associated factors among people who inject drugs in Iran: results from nationwide bio-behavioral surveillance surveys in 2020 and 2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Perceived Social Isolation and Fentanyl Use Among Adults Who Inject Drugs in Rural Kentucky.Social work in public health · 2025Article
- Exploring housing instability through a gender lens among people who inject drugs in Montreal, Canada.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Drug use and harm reduction practices of applicants to a public health vending machine service in Clark County, NV, 2021-2023.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Using illicit drugs alone in Vancouver, Canada: a gender-based analysis.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2025Article
- What We (Don't) Know About the Infectious Disease Burden Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in the United States and Canada.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Rural houselessness among people who use drugs in the United States: Results from the National Rural Opioid Initiative.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Sleep Health among Community-Recruited Opioid-Using People Who Inject Drugs in Los Angeles, CA and Denver, CO.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Longitudinal trends in causes of death among adults with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America from 1996 to 2020: a collaboration of cohort studies.The lancet. HIV · 2024Observational
- Houselessness and syringe service program utilization among people who inject drugs in eight rural areas across the USA: a cross-sectional analysis.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Hepatitis C Virus-HIV Coinfection in the United States Among People Who Inject Drugs: Data Needed for Ending Dual Epidemics.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAmong young people who inject drugs (PWID) homelessness is associated with numerous adverse psychosocial and health consequences, including risk of relapse and overdose, psychological distress and suicidality, limited treatment access, and injection practices that increase the risk of HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) transmission. Homeless PWID may also be less likely to access sterile syringes through pharmacies or syringe service programs.
methodsThis study applied random-effects meta-regression to examine trends over time in injection risk behaviors and homelessness among young PWID in Chicago and surrounding suburban and rural areas using data from 11 studies collected between 1997 and 2017. In addition, subject-level data were pooled to evaluate the effect of homelessness on risk behaviors across all studies using mixed effects logistic and negative binomial regression with random study effects.
resultsThere was a significant increase in homelessness among young PWID over time, consistent with the general population trend of increasing youth homelessness. In mixed-effects regression, homelessness was associated with injection risk behaviors (receptive syringe sharing, syringe mediated sharing, equipment sharing) and exchange sex, though we detected no overall changes in risk behavior over time.
conclusionsIncreases over time in homelessness among young PWID highlight a need for research to understand factors contributing to youth homelessness to inform HIV/STI, HCV, and overdose prevention and intervention services for this population.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.