Observational studyClinical and experimental dental research2021
Human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Candida albicans co-infection in oral leukoplakia with different degrees of dysplasia.
Observational study in Clinical and experimental dental research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association of fungal infection in cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC women's health · 2026Pooled it
- Oncoviruses in the Oral Cavity: Recent Advances in Understanding Viral Infections and Tumorigenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Role of Oral Yeasts in the Development and Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Scoping Review.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Oral HPV-associated dysplasia: is koilocytic dysplasia a separate entity?Frontiers in oral health · 2024Review
- Tracking HPV Infection, Associated Cancer Development, and Recent Treatment Efforts-A Comprehensive Review.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Candida albicans co-infection in oral leukoplakia with different degrees of dysplasia.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo identify human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Candida albicans in oral leukoplakia with different degrees of dysplasia. MATERIALS AND
methodsAn observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed using 30 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from patients with clinical suspicion of leukoplakia and confirmed diagnosis of oral dysplasia. Histological analyses were performed by two pathologists (interobserver) and dysplasias were classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Conventional PCR was used to detect HPV and EBV viruses and C. albicans. To determine the association between each microorganism with different degrees of dysplasia a Chi-square test was employed.
resultsThe tongue was the most common site for leukoplakias (71.4%) in females with a mean age of 50 years (ranging between 30 to 50 years old; 57.1%). EBV was the most frequently detected (73.3%), followed by HPV (43.3%), mainly of type 16 (40%), and C. albicans (23.3%). Significant differences were observed between degrees of dysplasia and HPV presence (p = 0.005). In lesions positive for HPV, EBV, and C. albicans the most frequent histological changes were hyperkeratosis, irregular interpapillary ridges, and loss of basal stratum cell polarity.
conclusionCo-infection with human papillomavirus, Epstein Barr virus, and Candida albicans in oral leukoplakia could be associated with dysplastic changes.
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Registered trials
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