ArticleRisk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis2022
A Benchmark Dose Analysis for Maternal Pregnancy Urine-Fluoride and IQ in Children.
Article in Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fluoride and Neurodevelopmental Hazard Modelling: An Assessment of Concentration-Response Analysis.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Neurodevelopmental assessments used to measure preschoolers' cognitive development in Latin America: a systematic review.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Fluoride Exposure and ADHD: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Neurodevelopmental effects of methylmercury (MeHg): a review of epidemiological points of departure (PoDs), toxicological reference values (TRVs), and key uncertainties in human health risk assessment.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Protective versus risky: the complex relationship between prenatal fluoride exposure and birth outcomes in a Chinese large-scale population study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Maternal Urinary Fluoride Levels of a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States: Findings from the ADORE Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Community Water Fluoridation a Cost-Benefit-Risk Consideration.Public health challenges · 2024Article
- Associations between Dietary Patterns, Fluoride Intake and Excretion in Women Exposed to Fluoridated Salt: A Preliminary Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Water Fluoridation and Birth Outcomes in California.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Dose dependence of prenatal fluoride exposure associations with cognitive performance at school age in three prospective studies.European journal of public health · 2024Article
- Association of Dental Fluorosis and Urinary Fluoride with Intelligence among Schoolchildren.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dietary Exposure to Toxic Elements and the Health of Young Children: Methodological Considerations and Data Needs.The Journal of nutrition · 2022Article
- Association between Water Fluoride Levels and Low Birth Weight: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Public-health risks from tea drinking: Fluoride exposure.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Impacts of Fluoride Neurotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Cognition and Mental Health: A Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- The fluoride wars rage on.Nature · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
As a guide to establishing a safe exposure level for fluoride exposure in pregnancy, we applied benchmark dose modeling to data from two prospective birth cohort studies. We included mother-child pairs from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort in Mexico and the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. Maternal urinary fluoride concentrations (U-F, in mg/L, creatinine-adjusted) were measured in urine samples obtained during pregnancy. Children were assessed for intelligence quotient (IQ) at age 4 (n = 211) and between six and 12 years (n = 287) in the ELEMENT cohort, and three to four years (n = 407) in the MIREC cohort. We calculated covariate-adjusted regression coefficients and their standard errors to assess the association of maternal U-F concentrations with children's IQ measures. Assuming a benchmark response of 1 IQ point, we derived benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and benchmark concentration levels (BMCLs). No deviation from linearity was detected in the dose-response relationships, but boys showed lower BMC values than girls. Using a linear slope for the joint cohort data, the BMC for maternal U-F associated with a 1-point decrease in IQ scores was 0.31 mg/L (BMCL, 0.19 mg/L) for the youngest boys and girls in the two cohorts, and 0.33 mg/L (BMCL, 0.20 mg/L) for the MIREC cohort and the older ELEMENT children. Thus, the joint data show a BMCL in terms of the adjusted U-F concentrations in the pregnant women of approximately 0.2 mg/L. These results can be used to guide decisions on preventing excess fluoride exposure in pregnant women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.