Observational studyPloS one2021
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury and mortality: An observational study.
Observational study in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, kidney recovery, and recurrent risk.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Pooled it
- Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Mediated Acute Kidney Injury: A Meta-Analysis and a Review of Related Outcomes.American journal of nephrology · 2024Pooled it
- Acid suppressants reduce the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors and increase the risk of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis.International journal of clinical oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury: evidence from clinical studies and FDA pharmacovigilance database.BMC nephrology · 2023Pooled it
- Incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Journey: From Early Promise to Lasting Impact.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Report from the 34th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Consensus Conference.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Immune-Mediated Nephropathy: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- The nephrotoxic effects of anti-cancer therapies: consensus report of the 34th Acute Disease Quality Initiative workgroup.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for nephrologists.World journal of nephrology · 2026Review
- Comparative Risks of Pneumonitis Amongst Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predictive nomogram for severe acute kidney injury in patients with cancer receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies: a multicenter retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Development and validation of interpretable machine learning models for predicting AKI risk in patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1: a retrospective study.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: tumour response and immune-related renal vasculitis following cytoreductive nephrectomy.Pathologica · 2025Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Single-Center Experience of Biopsy-Proven Cases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Integrating International Consensus Guidelines for Anticancer Drug Dosing in Kidney Dysfunction (ADDIKD) into everyday practice.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Review
- Risk of and Mortality After Acute Kidney Injury Following Cancer Treatment: A Cohort Study.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Case Report: Dialysis following sintilimab-induced stage 3 acute kidney injury: mechanism investigation and management strategies.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- The differentiation and intervention strategies for acute kidney injury after or induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.American journal of cancer research · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors, approved for the treatment of various types of cancer, are known to cause a unique spectrum of side effects, including acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, risk factors, renal outcomes, and mortality of AKI in patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors.
methodsPatients receiving checkpoint inhibitors between January 2013 and May 2020 at the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, were identified using the Utrecht Patient Oriented Database. AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of ≥1.5 times the baseline value, based on the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to assess risk factors for AKI and to evaluate the relationship between AKI and mortality. Persistent renal dysfunction was diagnosed in AKI patients with a final serum creatinine measurement of >1.3 times the baseline value.
resultsAmong 676 patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors, the overall incidence of AKI was 14.2%. Baseline variables independently associated with AKI were a gynecologic malignancy, monotherapy with ipilimumab, and the use of a diuretic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker, or proton pump inhibitor at baseline. AKI was checkpoint inhibitor-associated in one third of all patients with AKI. Checkpoint inhibitor-associated AKI was mostly low-grade, occurred a median of 15 weeks after checkpoint inhibitor initiation, and resulted in persistent renal dysfunction in approximately 40% of the patients. Patients with all-cause AKI had a twofold increased mortality risk, but checkpoint inhibitor-associated AKI was not associated with increased mortality.
conclusionsIn this study, patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors frequently developed AKI due to various etiologies. AKI directly related to the effect of checkpoint inhibitor toxicity did not increase mortality. However, AKI not related to the effect of checkpoint inhibitor toxicity was associated with increased mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.