SynthesisClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Male Sex Is Associated With Worse Microbiological and Clinical Outcomes Following Tuberculosis Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Study, a Systematic Review of the Literature, and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Transcriptional Immune Pathways Linked to Survival in HIV-Associated Tuberculous Meningitis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- BCG vaccination and household TB exposure in childhood tuberculosis: a community-based case-control study in rural Bangladesh.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Asymptomatic Tuberculosis: The Silent Face of the Disease Among Migrants and Refugees and the Challenges in Brazil.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- Investigating Gendered Implicit Bias Among Healthcare Workers in South Africa: Development and Piloting of an Implicit Association Test in a High Tuberculosis and HIV Setting.Research square · 2026Article
- Analysis of Drug Resistance Characteristics and Risk Factors of Cavitary Tuberculosis Based on Whole Genome Sequencing and Machine Learning.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Sex disparities in tuberculosis outcomes: evidence from a multicenter Italian cohort (Italian South TB Network (ISTB-Net).Infection · 2026Article
- Trends in Tuberculosis Incidence and Treatment Outcomes in Kazakhstan: A Decade of Observational Data.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Multi-level determinants of tuberculosis treatment completion in rural Uganda: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Pulmonary function impairment patterns and their clinical correlates in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by pulmonary infection: a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Brief Report: Sex and HIV Modify Immune Activation Biomarkers in Ugandans Post-Tuberculosis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Sex-dependent variability of isoniazid and rifampicin serum levels in patients with tuberculosis.Infection · 2025Article
- Sex differences in systematic screening for tuberculosis among antiretroviral therapy naïve people with HIV in Kampala, Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Geographic inequalities and factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in diabetes-tuberculosis and diabetes-covid comorbidities in Brazil.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex differences in tuberculosis infection and disease among people with HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Influence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Retrospective, Single-Center, Real-World Study in China.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- The risk of developing depression in tuberculosis survivors: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the incidence of tuberculosis is higher in men than in women, the relationship of sex with tuberculosis treatment outcomes has not been adequately studied.
methodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study and a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies during the last 10 years to assess sex differences in clinical and microbiological outcomes in tuberculosis.
resultsIn our cohort of 2894 Taiwanese patients with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis (1975 male and 919 female), male patients had higher adjusted hazards of 9-month mortality due to all causes (hazard ratio, 1.43 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.98]) and infections (1.70 [1.09-2.64]) and higher adjusted odds of 2-month sputum culture positivity (odds ratio [OR], 1.56 [95% CI, 1.05-2.33]) compared with female patients. Smear positivity at 2 months did not differ significantly (OR, 1.27 [95% CI, .71-2.27]) between the sexes. Among 7896 articles retrieved, 398 were included in our systematic review describing a total of 3 957 216 patients. The odds of all-cause mortality were higher in men than in women in the pooled unadjusted (OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.19-1.34]) and adjusted (1.31 [1.18-1.45]) analyses. Men had higher pooled odds of sputum culture (OR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.14-1.81]) and sputum smear (1.58 [1.41-1.77]) positivity, both at the end of the intensive phase and on completion of treatment.
conclusionsOur retrospective cohort showed that male patients with tuberculosis have higher 9-month all-cause and infection-related mortality, with higher 2-month sputum culture positivity after adjustment for confounding factors. In our meta-analysis, male patients showed higher all-cause and tuberculosis-related mortality and higher sputum culture and smear positivity rates during and after tuberculosis treatment.
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