Observational studyPediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)2021
Urine collection methods for infants under 3 months of age in clinical practice.
Observational study in Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05416736 (The Effect of Bladder Stimulation Technique on Urine Specimen Collection in Newborns), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Bladder Stimulation Technique on Urine Specimen Collection in Newborns: A Randomized Controlled Study
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Silicone Ankle Bands as a Tool to Assess Infant Exposures to Semivolatile Organic Chemicals in Indoor Environments.Environmental science & technology letters · 2025Article
- Comparison of clean catch and bag urine using LC-MS/MS proteomics in infants.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Comprehensive insights into UTIs: from pathophysiology to precision diagnosis and management.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Optimization of a method for collecting infant and toddler urine for non-target analysis using cotton pads and commercially available disposable diapers.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
- Emerging Role of Microbiome in the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- [Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of common neonatal diseases in primary healthcare institutions: neonatal urinary tract infection (2025)].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatricsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMethods of urine collection used in precontinent children are a controversial issue. Definitive diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) requires an uncontaminated urine culture. We aimed to describe methods used to collect urine for culture in infants under 3 months of age and compare results and contamination rates.
methodsThis retrospective observational cohort study included 721 urine cultures collected from infants <3 months of age at the Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid, between January 2016 and December 2019. Urine cultures were compared based on collection technique, sex, and patient age.
resultsMedian patient age was 36 days and 54.6% were male. In total, 592 (82.1%) samples were collected using clean-catch urine stimulation technique (CCUST), 77 (10.7%) by urethral catheterization (UC) and 52 (7.2%) by urine bag (UB). Positive cultures were obtained in 11.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.1, 14.3) of CCUST samples and in 28.6% (95% CI 18.5, 38.7) of UC samples (p<0.001). The contamination rate was 13.7% (95% CI 10.9, 16.4] for CCUST, 23.1% (95% CI 11.6, 34.6) for UB and 5.2% (95% CI 0.2, 10.2) for UC, with statistically significant differences (p=0.007) between UB and UC collection.
conclusionsCCUST is the most commonly used method in our hospital for collecting urine in infants younger than 3 months. The contamination rate of UC is lower but not significantly different to that of CCUST. Urine collection by CCUST serves as a non-invasive alternative to UC for diagnosis of UTI in infants under 3 months of age in routine clinical practice. Graphical abstract.
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