ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2021
Determinants of resistance to VEGF-TKI and immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 124 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
124 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a risk-stratified systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Interleukin-8 as a potential prognostic biomarker in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The oncologist · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of liver metastasis on the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2023Pooled it
- A Phase II study of neoadjuvant axitinib for reducing the extent of venous tumour thrombus in clear cell renal cell cancer with venous invasion (NAXIVA).British journal of cancer · 2022Trial
- Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Immunomodulatory Roles and Prognostic Value of PDXP and Experimental Verification in SKCM.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- POLE2 of tumor cells promotes OPN secretion based on PCLAF to drive M2 macrophage polarization in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Cancer gene therapy · 2026Article
- Metabolic reprogramming-mediated therapeutic resistance in renal cell carcinoma: Mechanisms and targeted intervention strategies.iScience · 2026Review
- Repurposing Seleno-L-Methionine as a Pleiotropic Immunomodulatory Agent to Overcome TGF-β1/HIF-Driven Immune Evasion in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor KO-2806 (Darlifarnib) Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in RCC.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Predicting Poor Efficacy of Cabozantinib in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma by Exploratory Metabolic Pathway Analysis and In Vitro Verification.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Lysyl oxidase drives ccRCC progression by coordinating HIF-2α transcription program with tumor microenvironment.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Interleukin-8 in health and disease.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- In silico analysis of gene expression signatures and drug repurposing associated with metastatic progression in melanoma (skin cancer).Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- The tumor promoter role and molecular mechanism of C8orf76/CALB2 axis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.iScience · 2026Article
- Dynamic ecosystems of tumor drug resistance mechanisms: from molecular heterogeneity to systemic interventions.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- PABPC1-induced stabilization of PGK1 mRNA reduces apoptosis and sunitinib sensitivity in renal cell carcinoma by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
64 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGF-TKIs) have been the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Despite its early promising results in decreasing or delaying the progression of RCC in patients, VEGF-TKIs have provided modest benefits in terms of disease-free progression, as 70% of the patients who initially respond to the treatment later develop drug resistance, with 30% of the patients innately resistant to VEGF-TKIs. In the past decade, several molecular and genetic mechanisms of VEGF-TKI resistance have been reported. One of the mechanisms of VEGF-TKIs is inhibition of the classical angiogenesis pathway. However, recent studies have shown the restoration of an alternative angiogenesis pathway in modulating resistance. Further, in the last 5 years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized RCC treatment. Although some patients exhibit potent responses, a non-negligible number of patients are innately resistant or develop resistance within a few months to ICI therapy. Hence, an understanding of the mechanisms of VEGF-TKI and ICI resistance will help in formulating useful knowledge about developing effective treatment strategies for patients with advanced RCC. In this article, we review recent findings on the emerging understanding of RCC pathology, VEGF-TKI and ICI resistance mechanisms, and potential avenues to overcome these resistance mechanisms through rationally designed combination therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.