Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34098431›Full record

ArticleNeurobiology of aging2021

Improving brain age estimates with deep learning leads to identification of novel genetic factors associated with brain aging.

Kaida Ning, Ben A Duffy, Meredith Franklin, Will Matloff, Lu Zhao, Nibal Arzouni, Fengzhu Sun, Arthur W Toga

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Neurobiology of aging, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Deep learning-based MRI analysis reveals Lewy body co-pathology accelerates brain aging in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Deep learning to quantify the pace of brain aging in relation to neurocognitive changes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. The Genetic Architecture of Biological Age in Nine Human Organ Systems.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. The Genetic Architecture of Multimodal Human Brain Age.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Kaida NingUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Ben A DuffyUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Meredith FranklinDepartment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Will MatloffUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Lu ZhaoUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Nibal ArzouniUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Fengzhu SunMolecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Arthur W TogaUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: toga@loni.usc.edu.

Funding

USCADRC Diversity Supplement PachicanoP30AG066530 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI HELENA Chang CHUI, ARTHUR W TOGA · 2020 to 2026
$27.8M
TR&D3: Intrinsic Surface MappingP41EB015922 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI VAN HORN, JOHN DARRELL · 2012 to 2022
$14.1M
TrainingU54EB020406 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI TOGA, ARTHUR W · 2014 to 2018
$12.5M
Medical Research Council MC_PC_17228Medical Research Council MC_QA137853NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066530NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB015922NIBIB NIH HHS U54 EB020406
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To study genetic factors associated with brain aging, we first need to quantify brain aging. Statistical models have been created for estimating the apparent age of the brain, or predicted brain age (PBA), using imaging data. Recent studies have refined these models to obtain a more accurate PBA, but research has yet to demonstrate the scientific value of doing so. Here, we show that a more accurate PBA leads to better characterization of genetic factors associated with brain aging. We trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) model on 16,998 UK Biobank subjects to derive PBA, then conducted a genome-wide association study on the PBA, in which we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms from four independent loci significantly associated with brain aging, three of which were novel. By comparing association results based on the CNN-derived PBA to those based on a linear regression-derived PBA, we concluded that a more accurate PBA enables the discovery of novel genetic associations. Our results may be valuable for identifying other lifestyle factors associated with brain aging.

Indexed as

Deep LearningAgedAged, 80 and overAgingBrainFemaleGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansLife StyleMaleMiddle AgedNeural Networks, ComputerPolymorphism, Single NucleotideConvolutional neural networkGeneticsPredicted brain ageRelative brain age

Identifiers

PMID34098431
PMCPMC9004720

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.