Trial reportJournal of substance abuse treatment2021
Naturalistic follow-up after a trial of medications for opioid use disorder: Medication status, opioid use, and relapse.
Trial report in Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of randomization to buprenorphine or naltrexone for OUD on cannabis use outcomes: A secondary analysis of the X:BOT trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Patient Characteristics Associated with Opioid Abstinence after Participation in a Trial of Buprenorphine versus Injectable Naltrexone.Substance use & misuse · 2022Trial
- Discontinuing extended-release buprenorphine: Participant experiences from a mixed-methods observational study.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Drug Use After Emergency Department-Initiated Injectable Buprenorphine: A Secondary Analysis of the ED-INNOVATION Ancillary Safety and Feasibility Trial.Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine · 2026Article
- Harm reduction engagement and ongoing opioid use among adults receiving methadone or buprenorphine in Philadelphia.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- A clinical trial loses access to some of its experimental treatment conditions: What can be done?Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Attitudes and Subjective Norms Regarding Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Among Individuals in Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in the Greater St. Louis Area.Journal of drug issues · 2025Article
- Optimizing retention strategies for opioid use disorder pharmacotherapy: The retention phase of the CTN-0100 trial (RDD).Contemporary clinical trials · 2025Article
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Opioid Use Disorder: An Update of the Literature.Current behavioral neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Risk of Relapse Following Discharge from Non-Hospital Residential Opioid Use Disorder Treatment: A Systematic Review of Studies Published from 2018 to 2022.Substance abuse and rehabilitation · 2025Review
- Organization of primary care and early MOUD discontinuation.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2024Article
- Controversies in Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Kratom Use Disorder.Current psychiatry reports · 2024Review
- The fentanyl made me feel like I needed more methadone": changes in the role and use of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) due to fentanyl.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Recent Opioid Use Impedes Range Adaptation in Reinforcement Learning in Human Addiction.Biological psychiatry · 2024Article
- Impact of Medication-Based Treatment on Health Care Utilization Among Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2023Article
- Risks of returning to opioid use at treatment entry and early in opioid use disorder treatment: Role of non-opioid substances.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- Integrating peer support services into primary care-based OUD treatment: Lessons from the Penn integrated model.Healthcare (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- Lived Experiences of Medication for Opioid Use Disorder: Clients' Perspectives on Formulation and Treatment.Substance use : research and treatmentArticle
- Commentary on Ajazi et al (2021) Re-analysis of the X:BOT Trial.Journal of addiction medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimThis report examined naturalistic opioid use outcomes and utilization of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) 36 weeks post-randomization in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) Extended-Release Naltrexone (XR-NTX) versus Buprenorphine-Naloxone (BUP-NX) for Opioid Treatment trial (CTN-0051, X:BOT).
designX:BOT was a multisite, randomized, 24-week comparative effectiveness trial of BUP-NX (N = 287) and XR-NTX (N = 283). Study medications were discontinued following treatment completion, relapse, or dropout. Participants were encouraged to continue MOUD. This report examined opioid use outcomes in 428 (75%) of the 570 participants who attended the 36-week follow-up visit. SETTING AND
participantsAdults with opioid use disorder recruited from 8 community treatment programs across the United States. MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes included medication status (on/off MOUD), type of MOUD (BUP-NX, XR-NTX, or methadone), abstinence from non-prescribed opioids, opioid use days, relapse, and other substance use 30 days prior to the 36-week visit. Relapse was defined as opioid use for 4 consecutive weeks or 7 consecutive days in the past month. Baseline and clinical variables included opioid use severity, intravenous drug use, study medication assignment, and induction status.
findingsOf the 428 participants who completed the 36-week visit, 225 (53%) of participants were receiving MOUD and 203 (47%) were not. Compared to those off medication, participants on medication had fewer opioid use days (4.4 days (SD 9.0) versus 9.8 days (SD 12.1)), fewer met relapse criteria (37 (16.4%) versus 79 (38.9%)), and reported less stimulant use (34 (15.2%) versus 56 (27.7%)) and sedative use (14 (6.3%) versus 31 (15.3%)). There was no difference in abstinence rates between those on or off MOUD. A greater proportion of participants on XR-NTX (47 (53.4%) of 88 participants) were abstinent from non-prescribed opioids compared to those on buprenorphine (28 (23.3%) of 120 participants).
conclusionsNaturalistic outcomes data showed that despite potential barriers to continuing treatment in the community, about half of individuals were on opioid use disorder pharmacotherapy at follow-up and those on medication generally had better outcomes. Future research should explore barriers and facilitators to treatment retention in community settings; and developing interventions tailored to improve treatment engagement and adherence.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.