Observational studyPLoS medicine2021
Human papillomavirus seroprevalence in pregnant women following gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination programs in Finland: A cross-sectional cohort analysis following a cluster randomized trial.
Observational study in PLoS medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Two Vaccination Strategies Using GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals' HPV Vaccine GSK580299 (Cervarix) Administered in Healthy Adolescents
Effectiveness of Cervical Screening in HPV Vaccinated Women - a Randomized Trial
Effectiveness of Cervical Screening in Unvaccinated, Herd Effect Protected Women - A Randomized Trial
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Controlled trial of cervical cancer screening frequency among human-papillomavirus-vaccinated women.International journal of cancer · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effectiveness of various human papillomavirus vaccination strategies: A community randomized trial in Finland.Cancer medicine · 2021Trial
- Elimination of HPV-associated cancers: universal HPV vaccination and the role of anal screening - a meeting report.BMC proceedings · 2026Article
- Predicting optimal impact interventions in the post-HPV vaccination world.International journal of cancer · 2026Review
- Epidemiologic burden, clinical attribution, and implications for immunization strategies of HPV infection among males in Sichuan, China: a large-sample cross-sectional study.Virology journal · 2026Article
- The effects of human papillomavirus vaccination in Japan.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Assessing the influence of male vaccination on cervical cancer elimination in China under different vaccination coverage scenarios: A modeling study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Cost-effectiveness and epidemiological impact of gender-neutral vaccination against human papillomavirus in economically developed metropolises of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Expanding the case for gender-neutral human papillomavirus vaccination in South Africa: Emerging neonatal and ethical considerations.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2025Article
- Acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccine among boys in Asia: A narrative review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Immunogenicity and safety of the fourth dose of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in immunosuppressed women who did not seroconvert after three doses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Review
- Assessing the risk of cervical neoplasia in the post-HPV vaccination era.International journal of cancer · 2023Review
- Moral dilemma(s) in human papillomavirus vaccination - revisiting the role of the herd effect.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCervical cancer elimination through human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs requires the attainment of herd effect. Due to its uniquely high basic reproduction number, the vaccination coverage required to achieve herd effect against HPV type 16 exceeds what is attainable in most populations. We have compared how gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination strategies create herd effect against HPV16 under moderate vaccination coverage achieved in a population-based, community-randomized trial. METHODS AND
findingsIn 2007-2010, the 1992-1995 birth cohorts of 33 Finnish communities were randomized to receive gender-neutral HPV vaccination (Arm A), girls-only HPV vaccination (Arm B), or no HPV vaccination (Arm C) (11 communities per trial arm). HPV16/18/31/33/35/45 seroprevalence differences between the pre-vaccination era (2005-2010) and post-vaccination era (2011-2016) were compared between all 8,022 unvaccinated women <23 years old and resident in the 33 communities during 2005-2016 (2,657, 2,691, and 2,674 in Arms A, B, and C, respectively). Post- versus pre-vaccination-era HPV seroprevalence ratios (PRs) were compared by arm. Possible outcome misclassification was quantified via probabilistic bias analysis. An HPV16 and HPV18 seroprevalence reduction was observed post-vaccination in the gender-neutral vaccination arm in the entire study population (PR16 = 0.64, 95% CI 0.10-0.85; PR18 = 0.72, 95% CI 0.22-0.96) and for HPV16 also in the herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive core group (PR16 = 0.64, 95% CI 0.50-0.81). Observed reductions in HPV31/33/35/45 seroprevalence (PR31/33/35/45 = 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.97) were replicated in Arm C (PR31/33/35/45 = 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.90).
conclusionsIn this study we only observed herd effect against HPV16/18 after gender-neutral vaccination with moderate vaccination coverage. With only moderate vaccination coverage, a gender-neutral vaccination strategy can facilitate the control of even HPV16. Our findings may have limited transportability to other vaccination coverage levels.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00534638, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00534638.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.