ReviewClinical psychology & psychotherapy2021
The use of virtual reality in assessment and treatment of anxiety and related disorders.
Review in Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Virtual Reality on Emotional Response and Symptoms Provocation in Patients With OCD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Exposure Therapy in Mixed Reality for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Trial
- The effect of virtual reality on anxiety, stress, and hemodynamic parameters during cesarean section: A randomized controlled clinical trial.Saudi medical journal · 2022Trial
- Distinguishing Suicidal Obsessions from Suicidal Ideation: A First-Person Suicide Image Pilot Study.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- A Virtual Reality-Based Multimodal Approach to Diagnosing Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Physiological Measures: A Machine Learning Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Electroencephalogram Changes After Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Article
- Take a Look at Me Now: The Use of Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder.Journal of clinical psychology · 2025Article
- Blended Mobile-Based Interventions With Integrated Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Thematic Analysis of Patient Perspectives.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- VIRTUS: virtual reality exposure training for adolescents with social anxiety - a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Virtual Reality and Relaxation for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Comparative Study with Standard Intervention.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Panic Disorder in the Last Decade: A Systematic Review.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2025Review
- Effectiveness of self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Reducing School Anxiety in Adolescents: Pilot Study.JMIR mental health · 2024Article
- An Exploratory Study of the Potential of Online Counseling for University Students by a Human-Operated Avatar Counselor.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Subjective Experience on Virtual Reality-Assisted Mental Health Promotion Program.Psychiatry investigation · 2024Article
- Therapist perspectives on telehealth-based virtual reality exposure therapy.Virtual reality · 2024Article
- The Future of Immersive Mood Induction in Affective Science: Using Virtual Reality to Test Effects of Mood Context on Task Performance.Affective science · 2023Article
- Examination of gaze behaviour in social anxiety disorder using a virtual reality eye-tracking paradigm: protocol for a caseBMJ open · 2023Article
- Efficacy of exposure and response prevention therapy in mixed reality for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years the development of new virtual environments has been qualitatively high and fast at the same time, but the dissemination of virtual reality (VR) in clinical practice is still scarce. The aim of this review is to give an insight into the state of the art of the use of VR as an assessment tool and treatment intervention in anxiety and related disorders as posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Besides an overview into the efficacy of VR, a summary will be given on assumed working mechanisms in virtual reality exposure therapy and how this aligns with current theoretical models. Further, it will be discussed how VR is accepted by patients and research into the reluctance of therapist to use this technology during treatment with focus on the therapeutic alliance and how it may be influenced by the use of VR. Finally, we discuss clinical and future issues as, for example, dissemination into clinical practice and what VR has to offer therapists in future. This not only in adult population but as well in younger patients, as young adolescents VR has a great potential as it connects easily with its playful elements to this population and might be a low threshold step to offer treatment or preventive interventions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.