ArticleAge and ageing2021
Frailty-a risk factor of global and domain-specific cognitive decline among a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adult U.S. Medicare beneficiaries.
Article in Age and ageing, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Frailty and Health Outcomes in People 65 Years or Older Living With Dementia: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Pooled it
- Cognitive trajectories and mortality risk in older adults: a 9-year follow-up study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Gender differences in the association between physical frailty and cognitive function among older adults: A cross-sectional study in rural Guizhou, China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- How does type 2 diabetes modify the risk of Alzheimer's disease?Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Prevalence of frailty and its association with cognition in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the A4 study.Age and ageing · 2026Article
- The Impact of Noise Pollution on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Empirical Evidence from the CHARLS.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cognitive Impairment in CMV Seropositive and CMV Seronegative Deceased Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients.Transplantation direct · 2025Article
- The cross-sectional relationship of physical frailty and cognitive impairment in older Poles: analysis of the PolSenior2 data.European geriatric medicine · 2025Article
- The value of radiomics features of white matter hyperintensities in diagnosing cognitive frailty: a study based on T2-FLAIR imaging.BMC medical imaging · 2025Article
- Association Between Cognitive Trajectories and Subsequent Health Status, Depressive Symptoms, and Mortality Among Older Adults in the United States: Findings From a Nationally Representative Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
- Association between Physical Function, Mental Function and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Frailty, but not cognitive impairment, improves mortality risk prediction among those with chronic kidney disease-a nationally representative study.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Types and frequency of social participation and comprehensive frailty among community-dwelling older people in Japan.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Dynamics, association, and temporal sequence of cognitive function and frailty: a longitudinal study among Chinese community-dwelling older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- A framework of biomarkers for brain aging: a consensus statement by the Aging Biomarker Consortium.Life medicine · 2023Article
- Order of Onset of Physical Frailty and Cognitive Impairment and Risk of Repeated Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · 2023Observational
- Frailty and its combined effects with lifestyle factors on cognitive function: a cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Ranking the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease; findings from the UK Biobank study.Aging brain · 2023Article
- The role of vitamin D in the link between physical frailty and cognitive function: A mediation analysis in community-dwelling Chinese older adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesfrail older adults may be more vulnerable to stressors, resulting in steeper declines in cognitive function. Whether the frailty-cognition link differs by cognitive domain remains unclear; however, it could lend insight into underlying mechanisms.
methodswe tested whether domain-specific cognitive trajectories (clock-drawing test, (CDT), immediate and delayed recall, orientation to date, time, president and vice-president naming) measured annually (2011-2016) differ by baseline frailty (physical frailty phenotype) in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (n = 7,439), a nationally representative sample of older adult U.S. Medicare beneficiaries, using mixed effects models to describe repeated measures of each cognitive outcome. To determine if the association between frailty and subsequent cognitive change differed by education, we tested for interaction using the Wald test.
resultswe observed steeper declines for frail compared to non-frail participants in each domain-specific outcome, except for immediate recall. Largest differences in slope were observed for CDT (difference = -0.12 (standard deviations) SD/year, 95%CI: -0.15, -0.08). By 2016, mean CDT scores for frail participants were 1.8 SD below the mean (95%CI: -1.99, -1.67); for non-frail participants, scores were 0.8 SD below the mean (95%CI: -0.89, -0.69). Associations differed by education for global cognitive function (Pinteraction < 0.001) and for each domain-specific outcome: CDT (Pinteraction < 0.001), orientation (Pinteraction < 0.001), immediate (Pinteraction < 0.001) and delayed (Pinteraction < 0.001) word recalls.
conclusionfrailty is associated with lower levels and steeper declines in cognitive function, with strongest associations for executive function. These findings suggest that aetiologies are multifactorial, though primarily vascular related; further research into its association with dementia sub-types and related pathologies is critical.
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