ReviewWomen's health (London, England)
Immune system and COVID-19 by sex differences and age.
Review in Women's health (London, England). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Patient Characteristics and Surgery-Related Risk Factors on Endophthalmitis after Cataract surgery: A Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmic research · 2025Pooled it
- Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- The CCR2 inflammatory pathway is a target for improving severe disease and pulmonary inflammation in experimental COVID-19.Virulence · 2026Article
- Longevity and Magnitude of Antibody Responses After Homologous and Heterologous COVID-19 Booster Vaccinations in Bangladesh.Vaccines · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and neutralizing antibody dynamics at a remote village in Kenya before widespread COVID-19 vaccine rollout.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Sex differences in response to COVID-19 infection: a retrospective study based on emergency medical team interventions.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the concordance between nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs in the detection of COVID-19.Journal of public health in Africa · 2026Article
- LncRNAAnnals of medicine · 2025Article
- Pre-existing comorbidities and hospitalization for COVID-19 are associated with post-COVID conditions in the U.S. veteran population.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Association between vaccination status and clinical characteristics among young adults infected with COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Lymphocyte-to-procalcitonin ratio: a new predictor of prognosis in COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Metabolomics and Cytokine Signatures in COVID-19: Uncovering Immunometabolism in Pathogenesis.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Understanding Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases: Immunologic Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Altered Circulating Cytokine Profile Among mRNA-Vaccinated Young Adults: A Year-Long Follow-Up Study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Article
- COVID-19 booster doses reduce sex disparities in antibody responses among nursing home residents.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Sex-related differences in systemic inflammatory response and outcomes after cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass.Interdisciplinary cardiovascular and thoracic surgery · 2025Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life Expectancy in South Korea, 2019-2022.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Chronic inflammation in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 modulates gut microbiome: a review of literature on COVID-19 sequelae and gut dysbiosis.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Cognition-associated gray matter volume alterations in long-COVID show sex-specific patterns.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Factors associated with long Covid in nursing professionals.Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P · 2025Observational
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In COVID-19 disease, are reported gender differences in relation to severity and death. The aim of this review is to highlight gender differences in the immune response to COVID-19. The included studies were identified using PubMed, until 30 October 2020. The search included the following keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, gender, age, sex, and immune system. Literature described that females compared to males have greater inflammatory, antiviral, and humoral immune responses. In female, estrogen is a potential ally to alleviate SARS-COV-2 disease. In male, testosterone reduces vaccination response and depresses the cytokine response. In the older patients, and in particular, in female older patients, it has been reported a progressive functional decline in the immune systems. Differences by gender were reported in infection diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. These data should be confirmed by the other epidemiological studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.