ArticleBrain and behavior2021
Combined cortisol and melatonin measurements with detailed parameter analysis can assess the circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patients.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Allostatic and Circadian Drives in Patients with Bipolar Disorder in Depressive Episodes or with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Versus Healthy Controls: Neuroendocrine Comparison Through Cortisol and 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin Overnight Urine Excretion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Hydrogen as a Potential Modulator: Implications for Mast Cell-Sleep-Wake Rhythm-Melatonin Interactions in Sleep Disorders.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Circadian rhythms of gut microbiota and plaque vulnerability: mechanisms and chrono-microbiota modulation interventions.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- The crosstalk between CREB and PER2 mediates the transition between mania- and depression-like behavior.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Optimizing Chronotherapy in Psychiatric Care: The Impact of Circadian Rhythms on Medication Timing and Efficacy.Clocks & sleep · 2024Review
- Circadian rhythms of melatonin and its relationship with anhedonia in patients with mood disorders: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2022Review
- Blue Light Blocking Treatment for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Directions for Research and Practice.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Sleep disturbances in the context of neurohormonal dysregulation in patients with bipolar disorder.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2022Article
- Article
- Combined cortisol and melatonin measurements with detailed parameter analysis can assess the circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patients.Brain and behavior · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesBipolar disorder (BD) is a common chronic mental illness. The circadian clock disorder shows a significant correlation with the pathogenesis, phenotype and recurrence of BD. We aim to evaluate non-invasive methods that can comprehensively assess the circadian rhythmicity in BD patients.
methodsWe non-invasively collected salivary samples and oral epithelial cells from recruited subjects. Then the levels of cortisol and melatonin in saliva were measured and the circadian clock gene expressions (PER2 and BMAL1) of epithelial cells were analyzed. Due to the disease characteristics of the manic patients who were difficult to cooperate with the protocol, only one patient at manic episode was recruited. Besides, 11 patients at the depressive episode, 15 healthy controls and four patients at recovery stage were recruited.
resultsOur results exhibited that the peak phase of cortisol level mainly manifested around 8:00 a.m., and the maximal melatonin level reached around 5:00 a.m. The phase of cortisol in patients with depression did not change significantly, but the level of cortisol decreased significantly, while the phase of melatonin level moved forward about 2.5 hr. Furthermore, the levels and phases of cortisol and melatonin in recovery patients tended to be similar to those of healthy controls.
conclusionsWith detailed parameter analysis, the combined detection of melatonin and cortisol can better judge the biological clock disorder of bipolar patients. The circadian rhythms of patients at the recovery stage tend to be normal. The clock gene expression examination needs strict quality control and more investigations before being applied to assess human circadian rhythms.
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