ReviewFrontiers in oncology2021
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Current Landscape and Future Perspectives.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polymeric Materials in Cancer Immunotherapy: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- MUC1-targeting small peptide radiopharmaceuticals for breast cancer.EJNMMI radiopharmacy and chemistry · 2026Article
- Artemether and Euphorbia factor L9 suppress kynurenine production through distinct effects on tryptophan metabolism.The Biochemical journal · 2026Article
- Review
- Multi-omics profiling uncovers immune-molecular clusters with distinct chemo-immunotherapeutic vulnerabilities in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer.Molecular cancer · 2026Article
- Breast cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Prognostic relevance of increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in residual TNBC following neoadjuvant chemotherapy.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- The Therapeutic Potential of Photoimmunotherapy as a Safe, Effective and Non-Toxic Treatment Option for Superficial Triple Negative Breast Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy and combination treatments for triple-negative breast cancer: a Scopus bibliometric perspective.Future oncology (London, England) · 2025Article
- Machine learning and single-cell analysis uncover distinctive characteristics of CD300LG within the TNBC immune microenvironment: experimental validation.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Immunogenicity Profile in High-Risk Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Druggable Molecular Networks inBiology · 2025Review
- Immune monitoring of neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma, Head and Neck, and Triple-Negative Breast Cancers.Journal of cellular immunology · 2025Article
- An overview on the interaction between non-coding RNAs and CTLA-4 gene in human diseases.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- A novel immune-related long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) pair model to predict the prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer.Translational cancer research · 2024Article
- Evaluating NSAIDs in SARS-CoV-2: Immunomodulatory mechanisms and future therapeutic strategies.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Article
- SCEL regulates switches between pro-survival and apoptosis of the TNF-α/TNFR1/NF-κB/c-FLIP axis to control lung colonization of triple negative breast cancer.Journal of biomedical science · 2023Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the lack of clinically significant levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Owing to the aggressive nature and the emergence of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, patients with TNBC have a worse prognosis than other subtypes of breast cancer. Currently, immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade has been shown to produce unprecedented rates of long-lasting responses in patients with a variety of cancers. Although breast tumors, in general, are not highly immunogenic, TNBC has a higher level of lymphocyte infiltration, suggesting that TNBC patients may be more responsive to immunotherapy. The identification/characterization of immune checkpoint molecules, i.e., programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), represents a major advancement in the field of cancer immunotherapy. These molecules function to suppress signals downstream of T cell receptor (TCR) activation, leading to elimination of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and suppression of anti-tumor immunity. For TNBC, which has not seen substantial advances in clinical management for decades, immune checkpoint inhibition offers the opportunity of durable response and potential long-term benefit. In clinical investigations, immune checkpoint inhibition has yielded promising results in patients with early-stage as well as advanced TNBC. This review summarizes the recent development of immune checkpoint inhibition in TNBC, focusing on humanized antibodies targeting the PD1/PDL1 and the CTLA4 pathways.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.