ArticleToxicology reports2021
Trace and major elements in food supplements of different origin: Implications for daily intake levels and health risks.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Essential and toxic elements intake from botanical extracts: a probabilistic risk-benefit evaluation within the Italian dietary context.Journal of the science of food and agriculture · 2026Article
- Plant-derived nutritional components in thyroid disease-related neuropsychiatric disorders: mechanistic insights and advances.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Investigation of Sample Preparation Methods of Dietary Supplements for Total Selenium Determination.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Maternal exposure to trace elements and perfluoroalkyl acids and their associations with alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Assessment of Heavy Metals in Mexican Dietary Supplements Using Total X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Health Risk Evaluation.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Quality of Vitamin B12 Supplements Regarding Vitamin Assay and Content of Heavy Metals.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development of reference materials for dietary supplements-analytical challenges, use, limitations, and future needs.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2025Review
- Monitoring of Essential and Toxic Elements in Multivitamin/Mineral Effervescent Tablet Supplements and Safety Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2025Article
- Organic Trace Minerals Enhance the Gut Health of British Shorthair Cats by Regulating the Structure of Intestinal Microbiota.Metabolites · 2024Article
- Metabolic Derangement of Essential Transition Metals and Potential Antioxidant Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Metals on the Menu-Analyzing the Presence, Importance, and Consequences.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Cross-sectional study on urinary metal concentrations in young adult residents of Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.PloS one · 2024Article
- Platinum and Palladium Accumulation in Edible MushroomJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Microbial Secondary Metabolites via Fermentation Approaches for Dietary Supplementation Formulations.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Safety Assessment of Herbal Food Supplements: Elemental Profiling and Associated Risk.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Mercury Exposure from the Consumption of Dietary Supplements Containing Vegetable, Cod Liver, and Shark Liver Oils.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Assessment of the Mineral Composition and the Selected Physicochemical Parameters of Dietary Supplements Containing Green Tea Extracts.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As the use of food supplements increases, voices are being raised questioning the safety of these products. As a contribution to understanding the trace and major elemental composition of food supplements and their potential health risks, this study presents concentrations of 71 elements in 138 supplements, categorised into synthetic products and three groups of products with natural ingredients. Concentrations were converted into average daily doses (ADDs) and compared to tolerable daily intakes (TDIs). For elements where we found significant ADDs relative to the TDI a comparison was also made to the normal dietary intake. Our main findings are that: 1) Most elements display highly variable concentrations in food supplements; more so than in normal foodstuff; 2) For ten of the analysed elements some products rendered ADDs > 50 % of the TDI. Half of the elements were essential (Fe, Mn, Se, Mo, Zn), and as such motivated in food supplements. The other half (As, Pb, Cd, Al, Ni) represent non-essential and highly toxic elements, where the occurrence in food supplements ought to be viewed as contamination. Although none of these toxic metals were declared on any product's table of content, several products gave high ADDs - in several cases even exceeding the TDIs; 3) The risk of reaching high ADDs for the toxic elements is strongly associated with products that contain marine ingredients (e.g. algae, mussels etc), and to some degree products of terrestrial plant-based origin. The health of consumers would benefit if food regulatory frameworks were updated to better address the risks of food supplements occasionally being contaminated with different toxic metals, for example by setting maximum permissible concentrations for a longer list of elements.
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