Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34093540›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021

Anti-Alpha-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor Encephalitis: A Review.

Tian-Yi Zhang, Meng-Ting Cai, Yang Zheng, Qi-Lun Lai, Chun-Hong Shen, Song Qiao, Yin-Xi Zhang

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
3.5field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Cortical ribbon sign in AMPAR antibody-associated encephalitis mimicking Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Patient characteristics and outcome in patients with anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) encephalitis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023
    Article
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Tian-Yi ZhangDepartment of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
Meng-Ting CaiDepartment of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Yang ZhengDepartment of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Qi-Lun LaiDepartment of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
Chun-Hong ShenDepartment of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Song QiaoDepartment of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
Yin-Xi ZhangDepartment of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University · CNZhejiang Hospital · CNTongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) encephalitis, a rare subtype of autoimmune encephalitis, was first reported by Lai et al. The AMPAR antibodies target against extracellular epitopes of the GluA1 or GluA2 subunits of the receptor. AMPARs are expressed throughout the central nervous system, especially in the hippocampus and other limbic regions. Anti-AMPAR encephalitis was more common in middle-aged women and most patients had an acute or subacute onset. Limbic encephalitis, a classic syndrome of anti-AMPAR encephalitis, was clinically characterized by a subacute disturbance of short-term memory loss, confusion, abnormal behavior and seizure. Magnetic resonance imaging often showed T2/fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery hyperintensities in the bilateral medial temporal lobe. For suspected patients, paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing with cell-based assay were recommended. CSF specimen was preferred given its higher sensitivity. Most patients with anti-AMPAR encephalitis were complicated with tumors, such as thymoma, small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. First-line treatments included high-dose steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange. Second-line treatments, including rituximab and cyclophosphamide, can be initiated in patients who were non-reactive to first-line treatment. Most patients with anti-AMPAR encephalitis showed a partial neurologic response to immunotherapy.

Indexed as

AnimalsAutoantibodiesAutoantigensAutoimmune DiseasesAutoimmunityBiomarkersCombined Modality TherapyDiagnosis, DifferentialDiagnostic ImagingDisease ManagementEncephalitisHumansPhenotypePrognosisReceptors, GlutamateSymptom Assessmentalpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid subtype glutamate receptor, humanAutoantibodiesAutoantigensBiomarkersReceptors, Glutamatealpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptorautoimmune encephalitisimmunotherapylimbic encephalitisneuronal surface antibody

Identifiers

PMID34093540
PMCPMC8175895
OpenAlexW3165607233

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.