ReviewJournal of neuroinflammation2021
Stroke-induced immunosuppression: implications for the prevention and prediction of post-stroke infections.
Review in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 152 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
152 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 201 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunosenescence and its impact on ischemic stroke risk and outcomes in older adults: a systematic review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Prognostic value of the CALLY index for functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and exploratory quantitative synthesis.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Procalcitonin and biomarkers for stroke-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of acupuncture for stroke-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia: a meta-analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics and risk factors for bilateral lateral geniculate body pathology: a systematic review of the literature.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Pooled it
- The Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Poststroke Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Disease markers · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of the research progress of non-coding RNA in neuroinflammation and immune regulation in cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of very early exercise on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with ischaemic stroke- a randomized controlled trial.BMC neurology · 2025Trial
- The Neurological and Hemodynamics Safety of an Airway Clearance Technique in Patients with Acute Brain Injury: An Analysis of Intracranial Pressure Pulse Morphology Using a Non-Invasive Sensor.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Trial
- ICH-LR2S2: a new risk score for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia from spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Trial
- Development and external validation of a risk stratification model for stroke-associated pneumonia.iScience · 2026Article
- Risk Factors Related to the Incidence of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia in Adults: Protocol for a Scoping Review.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Sedation in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Pathophysiological Basis and Evidence for Commonly Used Agents.Translational stroke research · 2026Review
- C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio and stroke: associations with prevalence and subsequent mortality in NHANES 1999-2010.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Lack of cortistatin drives neuroimmune and vascular dysfunction in brain ischemia.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Systemic Interactions, and Therapeutic Targets.Translational stroke research · 2026Review
- Article
- Influenza Vaccination Responses in Disabled Stroke Patients: A Single-Center Prospective Observational Study.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and functional outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusion stroke treated with endovascular thrombectomy.BMC neurology · 2026Article
92 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Stroke produces a powerful inflammatory cascade in the brain, but also a suppression of the peripheral immune system, which is also called stroke-induced immunosuppression (SIIS). The main processes that lead to SIIS are a shift from a lymphocyte phenotype T-helper (Th) 1 to a Th2 phenotype, a decrease of the lymphocyte counts and NK cells in the blood and spleen, and an impairment of the defense mechanisms of neutrophils and monocytes. The direct clinical consequence of SIIS in stroke patients is an increased susceptibility to stroke-associated infections, which is enhanced by clinical factors like dysphagia. Among these infections, stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is the one that accounts for the highest impact on stroke outcome, so research is focused on its early diagnosis and prevention. Biomarkers indicating modifications in SIIS pathways could have an important role in the early prediction of SAP, but currently, there are no individual biomarkers or panels of biomarkers that are accurate enough to be translated to clinical practice. Similarly, there is still no efficient therapy to prevent the onset of SAP, and clinical trials testing prophylactic antibiotic treatment and β-blockers have failed. However, local immunomodulation could open up a new research opportunity to find a preventive therapy for SAP. Recent studies have focused on the pulmonary immune changes that could be caused by stroke similarly to other acquired brain injuries. Some of the traits observed in animal models of stroke include lung edema and inflammation, as well as inflammation of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.