ArticleArchives of virology2021
Coxsackievirus B4: an underestimated pathogen associated with a hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak.
Article in Archives of virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genetic variation, recombinant characteristics, and seroprevalence analysis of echovirus 3 causing severe and mild cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Guizhou Province.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Global epidemiological and aetiological patterns of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a country-level scoping synthesis.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Screening of a potential coxsackievirus B4 vaccine strain through analysis of biological features.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Emergence of Two Porcine Variants of Human Coxsackievirus B5 and B4 in the 20th Century That Caused Swine Vesicular Disease: A Retrospective Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Establishment of severe in vitro and in vivo infection models for coxsackievirus B4 and their application in identifying viral virulence determinants.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Full-genome analysis of emerging Coxsackievirus B4 genotype D strains associated with herpangina in eastern China.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Research progress and application prospects of animal models of group B Coxsackievirus infections.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Review
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated coxsackievirus B4 viral particles.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Severe pneumonia and pathogenic damage in human airway epithelium caused by Coxsackievirus B4.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Article
- Co-infection and enterovirus B: post EV-A71 mass vaccination scenario in China.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Molecular characterization of echovirus 9 strains isolated from hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.Scientific reports · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In order to discover the causes of a coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreak and to study the evolutionary characteristics of the virus, we sequenced isolates obtained during an outbreak for comparative analysis with previously sequenced strains. Phylogenetic and evolutionary dynamics analysis was performed to examine the genetic characteristics of CV-B4 in China and worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CV-B4 originated from a common ancestor in Shandong. CV-B4 strains isolated worldwide could be classified into genotypes A-E based on the sequence of the VP1 region. All CV-B4 strains in China belonged to genotype E. The global population diversity of CV-B4 fluctuated substantially over time, and CV-B4 isolated in China accounted for a significant increase in the diversity of CV-B4. The average nucleotide substitution rate in VP1 of Chinese CV-B4 (5.20 × 10
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