ReviewCytokine & growth factor reviews2021
Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of post-COVID-19 vaccination thrombophilia: The straw that breaks the camel's back?
Review in Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) following COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review.Revue neurologique · 2023Pooled it
- Case Report: A hidden cause of severe hemorrhage: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Neuropsychological Profile of a Patient With Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma Following Infection and Vaccination.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Article
- Chilblain-like lesion associated with coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine in tropical country: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- Characteristics of Oral Adverse Effects following COVID-19 Vaccination and Similarities with Oral Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients: Taste and Saliva Secretory Disorders.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2025Review
- Persistently High Platelet Factor 4 Levels in an Adolescent with Recurrent Late Thrombotic Complications after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination.Hematology reports · 2024Article
- Antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombosis, and vaccination in the COVID-19 pandemic.Rheumatology international · 2024Review
- 'Spikeopathy': COVID-19 Spike Protein Is Pathogenic, from Both Virus and Vaccine mRNA.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Advances in Management of the Stroke Etiology One-Percenters.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2023Review
- Antiphospholipid Antibodies Occurrence in Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection without Overt Thrombosis.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Evaluation of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome subsequently COVID-19 vaccinations: A retrospective cohort study.International journal of rheumatic diseases · 2023Article
- Fatal Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis and Antiphospholipid Antibodies following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Case Report.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Article
- Dysregulation of Protein S in COVID-19.Best practice & research. Clinical haematology · 2022Review
- Article
- Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 and after COVID-19 vaccination.Trends in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- COVID-19 Vaccines and Autoimmune Hematologic Disorders.Vaccines · 2022Review
- New-Onset Acute Kidney Disease Post COVID-19 Vaccination.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Fatal thrombotic microangiopathy with rhabdomyolysis as an initial symptom after the first dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine: A case report.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs), present in 1-5 % of healthy individuals, are associated with the risk of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which is the most common form of acquired thrombophilia. APLs may appear following infections or vaccinations and have been reported in patients with COronaVIrus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, their association with COVID-19 vaccination is unclear. Notably, a few cases of thrombocytopenia and thrombotic events resembling APS have been reported to develop in recipients of either adenoviral vector- or mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. The aim of this review is therefore to speculate on the plausible role of aPLs in the pathogenesis of these rare adverse events. Adenoviral vector-based vaccines can bind platelets and induce their destruction in the reticuloendothelial organs. Liposomal mRNA-based vaccines may instead favour activation of coagulation factors and confer a pro-thrombotic phenotype to endothelial cells and platelets. Furthermore, both formulations may trigger a type I interferon response associated with the generation of aPLs. In turn, aPLs may lead to aberrant activation of the immune response with participation of innate immune cells, cytokines and the complement cascade. NETosis, monocyte recruitment and cytokine release may further support endothelial dysfunction and promote platelet aggregation. These considerations suggest that aPLs may represent a risk factor for thrombotic events following COVID-19 vaccination, and deserve further investigations.
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Registered trials
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