ArticleBMC public health2021
A scoping review of female drowning: an underexplored issue in five high-income countries.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Review of Interventions for Drowning Prevention Among Adults.Journal of community health · 2023Pooled it
- Water-related fatalities in Salzburg and Upper Austria between 2015 and 2022 - a retrospective evaluation with a focus on the informative value of drowning signs.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Predicting Drowning Mortality Risk Using Machine Learning Models; A Retrospective Cohort Study.Archives of academic emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Measuring the Swimming Skills of Adults Attending Swimming Lessons in Australia as a Drowning Prevention Measure.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2025Article
- Feasibility study of the Utstein Style For Drowning to aid data collection on the resuscitation of drowning victims.Resuscitation plus · 2023Article
- Fatal drowning in Indonesia: understanding knowledge gaps through a scoping review.Health promotion international · 2023Article
- A systematic review of interventions for resuscitation following drowning.Resuscitation plus · 2023Review
- Article
- Cervical spine immobilisation is only required in drowning patients at high risk of axial loading of the spine.Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA · 2023Article
- Cervical spine injuries occurring at the beach: epidemiology, mechanism of injury and risk factors.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Analysis of Climate and Income-Related Factors for High Regional Child Drowning Mortality in China.International journal of public health · 2022Article
- Drinking and swimming around waterways: The role of alcohol, sensation-seeking, peer influence and risk in young people.PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDrowning is a significant public health issue, with females accounting for one third of global drowning deaths. The rate of female drowning has not decreased within high-income countries and presentations to hospital have increased. This scoping review aimed to explore adult female unintentional drowning, including risk factors, clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning.
methodsA systematic search of the literature following the PRISMA-ScR framework was undertaken. The databases OVID MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OVID Emcare, Web of Science, Informit and Scopus were accessed. Study locations of focus were Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Studies from January 2003 to April 2019 were included. The quality of evidence of included studies was assessed using GRADE guidelines.
resultsThe final search results included 14 studies from Australia (n = 4), Canada (n = 1), New Zealand (n = 1), United States (n = 6), United Kingdom (n = 1), and one study reporting data from both Australia and United States. Nine studies reported risk factors for female drowning including age, with the proportion of female drowning incidence increasing with age. Although females are now engaging in risk-taking behaviours associated with drowning that are similar to males, such as consuming alcohol and swimming in unsafe locations, their exposure to risky situations and ways they assess risk, differ. Females are more likely to drown from accidental entry into water, such as in a vehicle during a flood or fall into water. This review found no evidence on the clinical treatment provided to females in hospital after a drowning incident, and only a small number of studies reported the clinical outcomes of females, with inconsistent results (some studies reported better and some no difference in clinical outcomes among females).
conclusionAdult females are a group vulnerable to drowning, that have lacked attention. There was no single study found which focused solely on female drowning. There is a need for further research to explore female risk factors, the clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. This will not only save the lives of females, but also contribute to an overall reduction in drowning.
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