ReviewJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2021
Impact of Changes in Free Concentrations and Drug-Protein Binding on Drug Dosing Regimens in Special Populations and Disease States.
Review in Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Simultaneous Determination of Total and Unbound Amphotericin B by LC-MS/MS: Application to Protein Binding Analysis.Biomedical chromatography : BMC · 2026Article
- Pregnancy-related effect on elexacaftor, tezacaftor and ivacaftor pharmacokinetics in women with cystic fibrosis.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Observational
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid During Curative Treatment of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pre-Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculous Meningitis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A novel quinazolinone insulin receptor inhibitor and its synergy with an EGFR inhibitor in glucose-driven glioblastoma.Molecular oncology · 2026Article
- PBPK modeling predicts rilzabrutinib dose adjustments using BTK occupancy for CYP3A4 interactions and hepatic impairment.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Methodologies for Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Target-Site Drug Exposure: A Narrative Review of Current Strategies.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Review
- A Phase 1 Study Evaluating the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Avacopan in Participants with End-Stage Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Appropriateness of Dissolution Methods on Evaluation of Digoxin Product Quality.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Revealing Organophosphorus and Carbamate Interactions with Albumin UsingAnalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response: a focused review on CYP2C19, CYP2D6, SLC6A4, and HTR2A polymorphisms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of two ALK inhibitors to inform drug and dosing regimens for brain metastasis patients.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Tubular secretion in chronic kidney disease: from established physiology to clinical utility.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- QSAR and machine learning methods for prediction of albumin-ligand binding.Biophysical reviews · 2025Review
- Predicting Maternal and Fetal Exposures of Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor during Pregnancy through Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- The Long-Term Efficacy of Cephalosporin in Elderly Hip Fracture Patients: A Comprehensive Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Albumin level and risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation on direct oral anticoagulants.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2025Observational
- The Changing Landscape of Antibiotic Treatment: Reevaluating Treatment Length in the Age of New Agents.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Mathematical Albumin Function for Neonates Undergoing Therapeutic Hypothermia in Comparison with Control Neonates.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- Refining Drug-Induced Cholestasis Prediction: An Explainable Consensus Model Integrating Chemical and Biological Fingerprints.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2025Article
- Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for clinical quantitation of antibiotics.Bioanalysis · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Over the last few decades, scientists and clinicians have often focused their attention on the unbound fraction of drugs as an indicator of efficacy and the eventual outcome of drug treatments for specific illnesses. Typically, the total drug concentration (bound and unbound) in plasma is used in clinical trials to assess a compound's efficacy. However, the free concentration of a drug tends to be more closely related to its activity and interaction with the body. Thus far, measuring the unbound concentration has been a challenge. Several mechanistic models have attempted to solve this problem by estimating the free drug fraction from available data such as total drug and binding protein concentrations. The aims of this review are first, to give an overview of the methods that have been used to date to calculate the unbound drug fraction. Second, to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters affected by changes in drug protein binding in special populations such as pediatrics, the elderly, pregnancy, and obesity. Third, to review alterations in drug protein binding in some selected disease states and how these changes impact the clinical outcomes for the patients; the disease states include critical illnesses, transplantation, renal failure, chronic kidney disease, and epilepsy. And finally, to discuss how various disease states shift the ratio of unbound to total drug and the consequences of such shifts on dosing adjustments and reaching the therapeutic target.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.