ArticleThe European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care2021
Effect of financial inclusion on out-of-pocket health expenditure: empirics from Ghana.
Article in The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Formal and informal financial inclusion and its impact on health: empirical evidence from South Africa.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Bridging Financial Inclusion and Health Equity in LMICs: Evidence from a Half-Century of Bibliometric Data.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- The impact of prudent financial policies on the urban-rural household health expenditure disparity: evidence from China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Mitigating role of financial inclusion on the perceived difficulties, concerns, and borrowing for medical expenses in Saudi Arabia.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2024Article
- Increased investment in Universal Health Coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa is crucial to attain the Sustainable Development Goal 3 targets on maternal and child health.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2023Article
- Introducing the Disease Outbreak Resilience Index (DORI) Using the Demographic and Health Surveys Data from sub-Saharan Africa.Social indicators research · 2022Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Empirical evidence on the link between financial inclusion and out-of-pocket health expenditure remains sparse while existing studies have mainly not used a multidimensional financial inclusion index. This study examines the link between financial inclusion and out-of-pocket health expenditure in Ghana using data from the seventh round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey. To ensure robustness in findings, the standard instrumental variable (with external instruments) and Lewbel's heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable approaches are both applied. Our findings indicate that a standard deviation increase in financial inclusion is associated with an increase in households' out-of-pocket health expenditure between 0.1367 and 1.7608 standard deviations. This finding is more pronounced for female-headed and urban-located households. Financial inclusion has a bigger association with expenses on medical products/appliances than on outpatient services. Policymakers are encouraged to design and implement programs to scale up the level of financial inclusion which has the potential of facilitating demand for health, thereby leading to better health outcomes.
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