SynthesisProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Converging evidence for greater male variability in time, risk, and social preferences.
Synthesis in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Unravelling sex differences in the genetic architecture of anxiety.Psychological medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Gender gaps in patience, risk-taking, trust, and prosociality are smaller among younger cohorts.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Clique Hierarchy Moderates the Association between Social Preference and Defending Behaviors in Early Adolescence: The Role of Gender Differences.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2023Article
- Variability in variability: does variation in morphological and physiological traits differ between men and women?Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- On the robustness of gender differences in economic behavior.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Variability in energy expenditure is much greater in males than females.Journal of human evolution · 2022Article
- Sex differences in number of X chromosomes and X-chromosome inactivation in females promote greater variability in hearing among males.Biology of sex differences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gender differences in time, risk, and social preferences are important determinants of differential choices of men and women, with broad implications for gender-specific social and economic outcomes. To better understand the shape and form of gender differences in preferences, researchers have traditionally examined the mean differences between the two genders. We present an alternative perspective of greater male variability in preferences. In a meta-analysis of experimental economics studies with more than 50,000 individuals in 97 samples, we find converging evidence for greater male variability in time, risk, and social preferences. In some cases, we find greater male variability in addition to mean differences; in some cases, we only find greater male variability. Our findings suggest that theories of gender differences are incomplete if they fail to consider how the complex interaction of between-gender differences and within-gender variability determines differential choices and outcomes between women and men.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.