ArticlePloS one2021
Electronic cigarette use (vaping) and patterns of tobacco cigarette smoking in pregnancy-evidence from a population-based maternity survey in England.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06297005 (The Impact of E-cigarettes During Pregnancy on Childhood Health Outcomes), which is not on this map. Cited by 13 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Impact of E-cigarettes During Pregnancy on Childhood Health Outcomes (ECHO) Study.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Birth outcomes following intrauterine exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative effects of electronic cigarettes and dual use of electronic and conventional cigarettes on adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- Vaping during pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- The fetal exposome: cellular and epigenetic programming of neonatal immune function.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Vaping during pregnancy and maternal, fetal, and infant health outcomes: A scoping review of human and animal studies.PloS one · 2026Article
- Adverse Physical Consequences of Perinatal E-cigarette Use by Pregnant Mothers on Their Offspring: A Scoping Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Demographic Characteristics, Perinatal Smoking Patterns, and Risk for Neonatal Health Complications Among Pregnant Smokers in the United States Who Begin Using Electronic Cigarettes During Pregnancy: A Descriptive Study Using Population-Based Surveillance Data.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Trend and disparities for smoking during pregnancy in the extreme south of Brazil between 2007 and 2019.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Psychoactive Comfort Products or Snacks: How Chinese Young Adults Perceive the Potentially Addictive Nature of E-Cigarettes.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Adverse Maternal and Infant Outcomes of Women Who Differ in Smoking Status: E-Cigarette and Tobacco Cigarette Users.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesExposure to tobacco products during pregnancy presents a potential harm to both mother and baby. This study sought to estimate the prevalence of vaping during pregnancy and to explore the factors and outcomes associated with vaping in pregnancy.
settingEngland.
participantsWomen who gave birth between 15th and 28th October 2017.
methodsA cross-sectional population-based postal survey of maternal and infant health, the National Maternity Survey (NMS) 2018. The prevalence of vaping and patterns of cigarette smoking were estimated, and regression analysis was used to explore associations between maternal characteristics and vaping, and between vaping and birth outcomes. OUTCOME MEASURES: Unweighted and weighted prevalence of vaping with 95% confidence intervals, and unadjusted and adjusted relative risks or difference in means for the association of participant characteristics and secondary outcomes with vaping. Secondary outcome measures were: preterm birth, gestational age at birth, birthweight, and initiation and duration of breastfeeding.
resultsA total of 4,509 women responded to the survey. The prevalence of vaping in pregnancy was 2.8% (95%CI 2.4% to 3.4%). This varied according to the pattern of cigarette smoking in pregnancy: 0.3% in never-smokers; 3.3% in ex-smokers; 7.7% in pregnancy-inspired quitters; 9.5% in temporary quitters; and 17.7% in persistent smokers. Younger women, unmarried women, women with fewer years of formal education, women living with a smoker, and persistent smokers were more likely to vape, although after adjusting for pattern of cigarette smoking and maternal characteristics, persistent smoking was the only risk factor. We did not find any association between vaping and preterm birth, birthweight, or breastfeeding.
conclusionsThe prevalence of vaping during pregnancy in the NMS 2018 was low overall but much higher in smokers. Smoking was the factor most strongly associated with vaping. Co-occurrence of vaping with persistent smoking has the potential to increase the harms of tobacco exposure in pregnant women and their infants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.