ArticlePloS one2021
High TB burden and low notification rates in the Philippines: The 2016 national TB prevalence survey.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in tuberculosis prevalence by sex in low- and middle-income countries over 1993-2025: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Symptom- and chest-radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative adults and adults with unknown HIV status.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Implementation of digital tuberculosis information systems: perspectives from 10 high TB burden countries.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Impact of Social Determinants of Health on the Incidence of Tuberculosis in Central Asia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Computer-aided detection pragmatic threshold calibration in TB active case finding: A mixed-methods study in Tondo, Manila.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Persistently high TB prevalence in Nairobi County neighbourhoods, 2015-2022.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of a population-wide, systematic screening initiative for tuberculosis on Daru island, Western Province, Papua New Guinea.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Cost-effectiveness of Low-complexity Screening Tests in Community-based Case-finding for Tuberculosis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Iterative evaluation of mobile computer-assisted digital chest x-ray screening for TB improves efficiency, yield, and outcomes in Nigeria.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Stakeholder Perceptions towards a Mobile Application for Community-Led Monitoring of Tuberculosis Services in Metro Manila, Philippines: A Qualitative Study.Acta medica Philippina · 2024Article
- Article
- Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and HHV-8 from a large pericardial effusion in an HIV-positive patient with COVID-19 and clinically diagnosed Kaposi sarcoma: a case report.Tropical medicine and health · 2022Article
- Geographic accessibility to health facilities predicts uptake of community-based tuberculosis screening in an urban setting.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
- A retrospective review of infections and outcomes within 100 days of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: insights from a new transplant program in the Philippines.IJID regions · 2022Article
- The fourth national tuberculosis prevalence survey in Myanmar.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Serologic and urinary characteristics of laboratory-confirmed genitourinary tuberculosis at a tertiary hospital in the Philippines.BMC urology · 2021Article
- Variation of tuberculosis prevalence across diagnostic approaches and geographical areas of Indonesia.PloS one · 2021Article
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21 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
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Abstract
settingThe 3rd national tuberculosis (TB) survey in the Philippines in 2007 reported a significant decline in the prevalence of TB. Since then, more significant investments for TB control have been made, yet TB burden estimates from routine surveillance data remain relatively stable.
objectiveTo estimate the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB in the Philippines amongst individuals aged ≥15 years in 2016.
designIn March-December 2016, we conducted a population-based survey with stratified, multi-stage cluster sampling of residents in 106 clusters aged ≥15 years. Survey participants were screened for TB by symptom-based interview and digital chest X-ray. Those with cough ≥2 weeks and/or haemoptysis and/or chest X-ray suggestive of TB were requested to submit 2 sputum specimens for Xpert MTB/RIF, direct sputum smear microscopy using LED fluorescent microscopy, and mycobacterial solid culture (Ogawa method). Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB was defined as MTB culture positive and/or Xpert positive.
resultsThere were 46,689 individuals interviewed, and 41,444 (88.8%) consented to a chest X-ray. There were 18,597 (39.8%) eligible for sputum examination and 16,242 (87.3%) submitted at least one specimen. Out of 16,058 sputum-eligible participants, 183 (1.1%) were smear-positive. There were 466 bacteriologically confirmed TB cases: 238 (51.1%) Xpert positive, 69 (14.8%) culture positive, and 159 (34.1%) positive by both Xpert and culture. The estimated TB prevalence per 100,000 population aged ≥15 years was 434 (95% CI: 350-518) for smear-positive TB, and 1,159 (95% CI: 1,016-1,301) for bacteriologically confirmed TB.
conclusionThis nationally representative survey found that the TB burden in the Philippines in 2016 was higher than estimated from routine TB surveillance data. There was no evidence of a decline in smear and culture positive TB from the 2007 survey despite significant investments in TB control. New strategies for case-finding and patient-centered care must be intensified and expanded.
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