ReviewDrugs2021
Failed, Interrupted, or Inconclusive Trials on Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Treatment Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis: Update 2015-2020.
Review in Drugs, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Developing Interim Outcome Measures for Multi-Arm Multistage Clinical Trials in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology · 2026Article
- Glial cells in chronic inflammation: diversity, dysfunction and therapeutic targeting.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- From Molecules to Models: miRNAs and Advanced Human Platforms of Neurodegeneration and Repair in Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Future of PET Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Characterisation of Individual White Matter Lesions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Should we stay or should we go? Recent insights on drug discontinuation in multiple sclerosis.Neurological research and practice · 2025Review
- Most prominent challenges in translational neuroscience and strategic solutions to bridge the gaps: Perspectives from an editorial board interrogation.Exploration of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Review
- Prospects of Electrocorticography in Neuropharmacological Studies in Small Laboratory Animals.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Network medicine informed multi-omics integration identifies drug targets and repurposable medicines for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Icaritin Promotes Myelination by Simultaneously Enhancing the Proliferation and Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Oxidative Stress: A Suitable Therapeutic Target for Optic Nerve Diseases?Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Inflammation in multiple sclerosis: consequences for remyelination and disease progression.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Nogo-A and LINGO-1: Two Important Targets for Remyelination and Regeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis: a possible connection through the viral demyelinating neurodegenerative trigger (vDENT).Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration: roles for the white matter.Neural regeneration research · 2022Review
- Emerging therapies to target CNS pathophysiology in multiple sclerosis.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2022Review
- The current standing of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2022Article
- What Have Failed, Interrupted, and Withdrawn Antibody Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis Taught Us?Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022Review
- Crosstalk of Microorganisms and Immune Responses in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation: A Focus on Regulatory T Cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Stem Cell Therapies for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the recent past, a plethora of drugs have been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). These therapeutics are mainly confined to immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive strategies but do not sufficiently address remyelination and neuroprotection. However, several neuroregenerative agents have shown potential in pre-clinical research and entered Phase I to III clinical trials. Although none of these compounds have yet proceeded to approval, understanding the causes of failure can broaden our knowledge about neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in MS. Moreover, most of the investigated approaches are characterised by consistent mechanisms of action and proved convincing efficacy in animal studies. Therefore, learning from their failure will help us to enforce the translation of findings acquired in pre-clinical studies into clinical application. Here, we summarise trials on MS treatment published since 2015 that have either failed or were interrupted due to a lack of efficacy, adverse events, or for other reasons. We further outline the rationale underlying these drugs and analyse the background of failure to gather new insights into MS pathophysiology and optimise future study designs. For conciseness, this review focuses on agents promoting remyelination and medications with primarily neuroprotective properties or unconventional approaches. Failed clinical trials that pursue immunomodulation are presented in a separate article.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.