ReviewInvestigative and clinical urology2021
Emerging treatments for bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Review in Investigative and clinical urology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- rBCG-LTAK63 Outperforms BCG in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy: Dendritic and T Cell Coordination Drives Superior Tumor Control in a Mouse Model.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Global insights into the management of BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a narrative review of provider surveys.Translational andrology and urology · 2025Review
- Bladder cancer immunotherapy parallel advances in BCG optimization and next-generation vaccine platforms.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Nano-Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapies for improved bladder cancer treatment.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2024Review
- Controversies in terminology associated with management of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC in Asia-Pacific.International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association · 2024Article
- Can we offer additional BCG therapy for three-month BCG refractory high grade/T1, Tis bladder cancer patients?Arab journal of urology · 2023Article
- Role of oral pentosan polysulfate in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Investigative and clinical urology · 2022Article
- A novel strategy for treatment of bladder cancer: Antibody-drug conjugates.Investigative and clinical urology · 2022Review
- Immunotherapeutic effects of recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin containingInvestigative and clinical urology · 2022Article
- Article
- Tumor-Associated Mast Cells in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Optimizing Immuno-Oncology.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Fibroblast Growth Factor Inhibitors for Treating Locally Advanced/Metastatic Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas via Dual Targeting of Tumor-Specific Oncogenic Signaling and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has been the gold standard adjuvant treatment for intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). BCG immunotherapy prevents disease recurrence and progression to muscle-invasive disease following TURBT. Although most patients initially respond well to intravesical BCG, considerable concern has been raised for patients with BCG failure who are refractory or recur in 6 months after their last BCG, which implies 'BCG-unresponsiveness'. Based on current clinical guidelines, early radical cystectomy (RC) is recommended to treat BCG-unresponsive NMIBC. However, due to the high risk of morbidity and mortality of RC and patients' desire to preserve their own bladder, there is a critical unmet need for alternative conservative treatments as bladder-sparing strategies in BCG-unresponsive patients. Trials for effective bladder-sparing treatments are ongoing, and several novel agents have been recently tested in the NMIBC setting. The goal of this review is to introduce and summarize recently reported novel and emerging drugs and ongoing clinical trials for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.