ArticleCellular microbiology2021
Candidalysin triggers epithelial cellular stresses that induce necrotic death.
Article in Cellular microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infection-induced glucose starvation triggers NINJ1-dependent macrophage lysis and Candida escape.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Fungi and colorectal cancer: from dysregulation to clinical translation.Gut pathogens · 2026Review
- Hemolytic Activity of VaginalPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Fungal infection drives metabolic reprogramming in epithelial cells via aerobic glycolysis and an alternative TCA cycle shunt.Science advances · 2026Article
- Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Extracellular Polysaccharide from the Moss EndophyteMicroorganisms · 2025Article
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- Essential role of hepcidin in host resistance to disseminated candidiasis.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Breaking Barriers: Candidalysin Disrupts Epithelial Integrity and Induces Inflammation in a Gut-on-Chip Model.Toxins · 2025Article
- Vaginal Candida albicans infections: host-pathogen-microbiome interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Pathogen-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanistic insights, immune crosstalk, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Synergistic effects ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Role ofInterdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Role ofWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2024Review
- Raman Spectroscopic Algorithms for Assessing Virulence in Oral Candidiasis: The Fight-or-Flight Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Article
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- Global fungal-host interactome mapping identifies host targets of candidalysin.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Mucosal Immunity to Gut Fungi in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Acanthus ilicifolius Methanolic Extract for Oral Candidiasis Treatment through Tongue Epithelial STAT3 and Cell Death Evaluation.European journal of dentistry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes a wide range of infections from superficial mucosal to hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. The hyphal form plays an important role in the pathogenic process by invading epithelial cells and causing tissue damage. Notably, the secretion of the hyphal toxin candidalysin is essential for both epithelial cell damage and activation of mucosal immune responses. However, the mechanism of candidalysin-induced cell death remains unclear. Here, we examined the induction of cell death by candidalysin in oral epithelial cells. Fluorescent imaging using healthy/apoptotic/necrotic cell markers revealed that candidalysin causes a rapid and marked increase in the population of necrotic rather than apoptotic cells in a concentration dependent manner. Activation of a necrosis-like pathway was confirmed since C. albicans and candidalysin failed to activate caspase-8 and -3, or the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, oral epithelial cells treated with candidalysin showed rapid production of reactive oxygen species, disruption of mitochondria activity and mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP depletion and cytochrome c release. Collectively, these data demonstrate that oral epithelial cells respond to the secreted fungal toxin candidalysin by triggering numerous cellular stress responses that induce necrotic death. TAKE AWAYS: Candidalysin secreted from Candida albicans causes epithelial cell stress. Candidalysin induces calcium influx and oxidative stress in host cells. Candidalysin induces mitochondrial dysfunction, ATP depletion and epithelial necrosis. The toxicity of candidalysin is mediated from the epithelial cell surface.
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