ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2021
Apoptotic vesicles restore liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract type 2 diabetes.
Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efferocytosis and inflammation: a bibliometric and systematic analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases.International journal of oral science · 2022Pooled it
- Circulating Metabolites Treat Human TMJ-OA by Eliminating Senescent Chondrocytes via the C1QBP/C1q/p14ARF Axis.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Trial
- Lyophilized apoptotic vesicles improve hemostasis and bone regeneration in traumatic patients with impacted third molar extraction.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Trial
- Platelet membrane-fusing MSC-derived apoptotic extracellular vesicles enhanced cardiac repair after ischemia/reperfusion injury.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Apoptotic Bodies: Decoding Their Functional Messages in Physiology and Pathology.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Review
- Aptamer-functionalized apoptotic vesicles ameliorate osteoarthritis via resuming mitochondria OXPHOS of chondrocytes.Science advances · 2026Article
- Review
- Apoptotic-mimetic nanovesicles orchestrate immune-vascular-osteogenic crosstalk for critical-sized craniofacial bone regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicle-Transferred ATP-Citrate Lyase Induces Monocyte Differentiation Toward Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Fuels Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The SHEDs-derived apoptotic bodies for inflammatory regulation in spinal cord repair.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2026Article
- Apoptotic extracellular vesicles act as master regulators of the bone healing niche.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Apoptotic metabolites synthesize and inherit uniqueBioactive materials · 2026Article
- pH-responsive printable conductive hydrogels loaded with ApoVs promote diabetic wound repair through oxidative stress scavenging and macrophage reprogramming.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs exposed to hypoxic and inflammatory environments slow intervertebral disc degeneration by enhancing cell activity and regulating immunity microenvironment.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles in Obesity: From Pathophysiological Mediators to Therapeutic Tools.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications: current progress and future directions.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Apoptotic periodontal ligament stem cells combined with developmental endothelial locus-1 counteract experimental periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Stem cells translational medicine · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles derived from live or apoptotic mesenchymal stem cells: comparison of the effects of two extracellular vesicles on liver fibrosis.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Apoptotic Micro-Vesicles Repaired Sciatic Nerve Defect by Regulating Early Inflammatory Microenvironment and Promoting Angiogenesis.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Apoptosis is a naturally occurring process generating plenty of apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), but the feature, fate and function of apoVs remain largely unknown. Notably, as an appealing source for cell therapy, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergo necessary apoptosis and release apoVs during therapeutic application. In this study, we characterized and used MSC-derived apoVs to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice, and we found that apoVs were efferocytosed by macrophages and functionally modulated liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract T2D. We showed that apoVs can induce macrophage reprogramming at the transcription level in an efferocytosis-dependent manner, leading to inhibition of macrophage accumulation and transformation of macrophages towards an anti-inflammation phenotype in T2D liver. At the molecular level, we discovered that calreticulin (CRT) was exposed on the surface of apoVs to act as a critical 'eat-me' signal mediating apoV efferocytosis and macrophage regulatory effects. Importantly, we demonstrated that CRT-mediated efferocytosis of MSC-derived apoVs contributes to T2D therapy with alleviation of T2D phenotypes including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. These findings uncover that functional efferocytosis of apoVs restores liver macrophage homeostasis and ameliorates T2D.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.