ArticleScientific reports2021
Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer's disease.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review on Retinal Biomarkers to Diagnose Dementia from OCT/OCTA Images.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2023Pooled it
- Association between retinal markers and cognition in older adults: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Differentiating Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia via combined OCT and OCT‑angiography analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Retinal thickness is associated with global cognition and executive function in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is growing evidence that thinned retinal regions are interspersed with thickened regions in all retinal layers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), causing roughness to appear on layer thickness maps. The hypothesis is that roughness of retinal layers, assessed by the fractal dimension (FD) of their thickness maps, is an early biomarker of AD. Ten retinal layers have been studied in macular volumes of optical coherence tomography from 24 healthy volunteers and 19 patients with mild AD (Mini-Mental State Examination 23.42 ± 3.11). Results show that FD of retinal layers is greater in the AD group, the differences being statistically significant (p < 0.05). Correlation of layer FD with cognitive score, visual acuity and age reach statistical significance at 7 layers. Nearly all (44 out of 45) FD correlations among layers are positive and half of them reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Factor analysis unveiled two independent factors identified as the dysregulation of the choroidal vascular network and the retinal inflammatory process. Conclusions: surface roughness is a holistic feature of retinal layers that can be assessed by the FD of their thickness maps and it is an early biomarker of AD.
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Registered trials
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