ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2021
Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 394 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
394 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 596 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated pachymeningitis: a systematic review of clinical features, diagnosis and treatment outcomes.Immunologic research · 2026Pooled it
- Research hotspots and trend of glioblastoma immunotherapy: a bibliometric and visual analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal fluid and dural accumulation of α-synuclein impairs CNS clearance in Parkinson's disease.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Brain barriers at the crossroads of glioma immune surveillance and immunotherapy response.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- A neighborhood watch within the skull.Cell research · 2026Article
- CD8+ regulatory T cells shorten neutrophil lifespan to reduce hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- The glymphatic-lymphatic axis: known pathways, open questions, and emerging roles in neurodegeneration.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- From danger to resolution: targeting purinergic signaling in CNS diseases.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2026Review
- Hospital-treated infection associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology: underlying mechanisms.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Article
- Review
- Border-Associated Macrophage Migrasomes in Alzheimer's Disease: An Emerging Aβ-Senescence-Microglia Axis?Cells · 2026Review
- Bone marrow myelopoiesis dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease limits monocyte homing to the brain and drives disease progression.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Apigenin as a Potential Modulator of Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.Biology · 2026Review
- Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Review
- A Skull Bone Marrow-to-Brain Axis Links Osteoblastic Activity to Myeloid Cell Trafficking, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Cognition in Alzheimer's Progression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- The Clearance-Centered Bottleneck in Alzheimer's Disease: From Coupled Glymphatic-Lymphatic Circuits to Therapeutic Opportunities.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Simultaneous activation of border-associated immune cells and glial cells at the CNS-meningeal interface after subarachnoid haemorrhage in rats.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
334 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
17 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The meninges are a membranous structure enveloping the central nervous system (CNS) that host a rich repertoire of immune cells mediating CNS immune surveillance. Here, we report that the mouse meninges contain a pool of monocytes and neutrophils supplied not from the blood but by adjacent skull and vertebral bone marrow. Under pathological conditions, including spinal cord injury and neuroinflammation, CNS-infiltrating myeloid cells can originate from brain borders and display transcriptional signatures distinct from their blood-derived counterparts. Thus, CNS borders are populated by myeloid cells from adjacent bone marrow niches, strategically placed to supply innate immune cells under homeostatic and pathological conditions. These findings call for a reinterpretation of immune-cell infiltration into the CNS during injury and autoimmunity and may inform future therapeutic approaches that harness meningeal immune cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.