SynthesisInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2021
Effectiveness of the MF59-adjuvanted trivalent or quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine among adults 65 years of age or older, a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relative Efficacy, Effectiveness and Safety of Newer and/or Enhanced Seasonal Influenza Vaccines for the Prevention of Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in Individuals Aged 18 years and Over: Update of a Systematic Review.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Pooled it
- Critical assessment of uncertainty in economic evaluations on influenza vaccines for the elderly population in Spain.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systematic review of influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza among older adults living in aged care facilities.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- The cost-effectiveness of an adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine in the United Kingdom.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Pooled it
- Effectiveness of the MF59-adjuvanted trivalent or quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine among adults 65 years of age or older, a systematic review and meta-analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2021Pooled it
- Evaluation of influenza vaccine effectiveness among older adults in Jiaxing, China, 2022-2025: A test negative design-based study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the older adult population in the Netherlands.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Birth Cohort Effects in Adults Associated With Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccine Effectiveness.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of influenza vaccination with high-dose vaccine versus standard-dose quadrivalent vaccine in older adults in Spain.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Risk Factors for Secondary Immunodeficiency in the Aged.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2026Review
- Diabetes Mellitus with Influenza Virus and Subsequent Bacterial Infection: Triple Pathological Interactions and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Endogenous living adjuvants for cancer vaccination: Concepts, mechanisms, and design principles.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Article
- Update on Influenza.The American journal of the medical sciences · 2026Review
- Enhanced immunogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus IsdE vaccine with SeNPs and BCG adjuvants in mice.AMB Express · 2026Article
- Recent developments of vaccines for older adults: Adjuvants and beyond.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Age-related changes in the immune system and challenges for the development of age-specific vaccines.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Adjuvanted Recombinant Hemagglutinin Vaccine Provides Durable and Broad-Spectrum Immunogenicity in Mice.Vaccines · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStandard-dose seasonal influenza vaccines often produce modest immunogenic responses in adults ≥65 years old. MF59 is intended to elicit a greater magnitude and increased breadth of immune response.
objectiveTo determine the effectiveness of seasonal MF59-adjuvanted trivalent/quadrivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV/aQIV) relative to no vaccination or vaccination with standard or high-dose egg-based influenza vaccines among people ≥65 years old.
methodsCochrane methodological standards and PRISMA-P guidelines were followed. Real-world evidence from non-interventional studies published in peer-reviewed journals and gray literature from 1997 through to July 15, 2020, including cluster-randomized trials, were eligible. Two reviewers independently extracted data; risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.
resultsTwenty-one studies conducted during the 2006/07-2019/20 influenza seasons were included in the qualitative review; 16 in the meta-analyses. Meta-analysis of test-negative studies found that aTIV reduced medical encounters due to lab-confirmed influenza with pooled estimates of 40.7% (95% CI: 21.9, 54.9; I
conclusionsAmong adults ≥65 years, aTIV demonstrated significant absolute VE, improved relative VE compared to non-adjuvanted standard-dose TIV/QIV, and comparable relative VE to high-dose TIV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.