ReviewExperimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)2021
Role of sex hormones in lung cancer.
Review in Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Incense Burning and the Risk of Lung Cancer in Asian Population: Meta-Analysis of Nine Case-Control Studies.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Pooled it
- Sex-specific associations of the bilirubin-to-albumin ratio with lung cancer risk: evidence from Cox regression and causal survival forest analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Sex-based inequities in non-small cell lung cancer: gaps and opportunities across the care pathway.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- N-LODDS: A Novel Integrated Lymph Node Staging System Enhancing Prognostic Accuracy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Tobacco Smoking and Lung Cancer Risk After Negative Baseline Low-Dose Computed Tomography Findings.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- An Investigation of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna in a Modern Anatomical Body Donor Population.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Prognostic nomograms for overall and cancer-specific survival in individuals with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a population-based study.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- The disease burden of cancer attributable to smoking worldwide from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Lung cancer risk prediction using interpretable ensemble models on lifestyle and clinical data.PloS one · 2026Article
- Obesity-induced metabolic reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment: mechanisms, spatial niches, and immunotherapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex, hormones, and lung health.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Lung cancer in non-smoking women (LCINSW): from risk factors to precision therapy.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Multi-omics protein signaling networks identify sex-specific therapeutic candidates in lung adenocarcinoma.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- The Mechanism of Steroid Hormones in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: From Molecular Signaling to Clinical Application.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Increased risk of lung cancer in Taiwanese female patients with chronic periodontitis: A nationwide population-based cohort study.Journal of dental sciences · 2025Article
- Targeting TUBG1 in RB1-negative tumors.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Identifying Sex Differences in Lung Adenocarcinoma Using Multi-Omics Integrative Protein Signaling Networks.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Transcription factors and hormone receptors: Sex‑specific targets for cancer therapy (Review).Oncology letters · 2025Review
- Could serum Raftlin and GPER-1levels be new biomarkers for early detection of non-small cell lung cancer?Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Article
- Causal relationship between hormone levels and lung cancer: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Lung cancer represents the world's leading cause of cancer deaths. Sex differences in the incidence and mortality rates for various types of lung cancers have been identified, but the biological and endocrine mechanisms implicated in these disparities have not yet been determined. While some cancers such as lung adenocarcinoma are more commonly found among women than men, others like squamous cell carcinoma display the opposite pattern or show no sex differences. Associations of tobacco product use rates, susceptibility to carcinogens, occupational exposures, and indoor and outdoor air pollution have also been linked to differential rates of lung cancer occurrence and mortality between sexes. While roles for sex hormones in other types of cancers affecting women or men have been identified and described, little is known about the influence of sex hormones in lung cancer. One potential mechanism identified to date is the synergism between estrogen and some tobacco compounds, and oncogene mutations, in inducing the expression of metabolic enzymes, leading to enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA adducts, and subsequent lung carcinogenesis. In this review, we present the literature available regarding sex differences in cancer rates, associations of male and female sex hormones with lung cancer, the influence of exogenous hormone therapy in women, and potential mechanisms mediated by male and female sex hormone receptors in lung carcinogenesis. The influence of biological sex on lung disease has recently been established, thus new research incorporating this variable will shed light on the mechanisms behind the observed disparities in lung cancer rates, and potentially lead to the development of new therapeutics to treat this devastating disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.