ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Quantification of Cytokine Storms During Virus Infections.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intranasal natural products for influenza treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Cytokine release syndrome in adults with acute leukemia after allo-HCT with posttransplant cyclophosphamide prophylaxis.International journal of hematology · 2026Article
- Differential cytokine signature profiles in neonates, infants, and children with enterovirus meningitis.Journal of virology · 2026Observational
- Review: natural compounds as PCSK9 inhibitors for antiviral therapy.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Dynamic monitoring of a core pro-inflammatory cytokine panel improves mortality prediction in severe influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- IL-17 stimulates erythropoiesis in vivo by amplifying the response of erythroid progenitors to erythropoietin.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Immunoinformatics study of CD40 ligand-targeting vaccine constructs: a novel immunotherapeutic approach.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2025Article
- Adaptive selection of quasispecies duringJournal of virology · 2025Article
- Amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a therapeutic tool against cytokine storm: a comparison with umbilical cord counterparts.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Establishment and application of a wild neonatal mouse model infected with an Echovirus 30 isolate.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Purinergic signaling in the battlefield of viral infections.Purinergic signalling · 2025Review
- Underestimated virus impaired cognition-more evidence and more work to do.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Seneca valley virus VP4 protein regulates the transcription of different cytokinesFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Identification, functional analysis, and clinical applications of defective viral genomes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Effect of prone positioning on inflammatory markers in blood and lungs: a retrospective cohort study in COVID-19-related ARDS.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Viral sepsis: diagnosis, clinical features, pathogenesis, and clinical considerations.Military Medical Research · 2024Review
- Redefining Roles: A Paradigm Shift in Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism for Innovative Clinical Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D, interleukin-4, and interferon-γ levels and asthma in children with Mycoplasma pneumonia infection.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Neurotropic virus infection and neurodegenerative diseases: Potential roles of autophagy pathway.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Highly pathogenic virus infections usually trigger cytokine storms, which may have adverse effects on vital organs and result in high mortalities. The two cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ play key roles in the generation and regulation of cytokine storms. However, it is still unclear whether the cytokine with the largest induction amplitude is the same under different virus infections. It is unknown which is the most critical and whether there are any mathematical formulas that can fit the changing rules of cytokines. Three coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2), three influenza viruses (2009H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9), Ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and enterovirus 71 were included in this analysis. We retrieved the cytokine fold change (FC), viral load, and clearance rate data from these highly pathogenic virus infections in humans and analyzed the correlations among them. Our analysis showed that interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17 are the most common cytokines with the largest induction amplitudes. Equations were obtained: the maximum induced cytokine (max) FC = IFN-γ FC × (IFN-γ FC/IL-4 FC) (if IFN-γ FC/IL-4 FC > 1); max FC = IL-4 FC (if IFN-γ FC/IL-4 FC < 1). For IFN-γ-inducible infections, 1.30 × log2 (IFN-γ FC) = log10 (viral load) - 2.48 - 2.83 × (clearance rate). The clinical relevance of cytokines and their antagonists is also discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.