ArticleScientific reports2021
Immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapies very frequently induce secondary adrenal insufficiency.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related thyroid dysfunction: a retrospective cohort study.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Severe Metabolic Decompensation in Metastatic Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Case Report and Literature Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint blockade as an accelerator of adrenal aging: a testable model linking low-grade cortical inflammation to proteostasis failure, LDLR/SULT2A1 suppression, and reduced DHEA output.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Thyroid and cortisol endocrinopathies and survival in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in UAE.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency in Liver Cancer Patient After Treatment With Cadonilimab: A Case Report.Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes · 2026Article
- Article
- Cemiplimab-Induced Colitis Causing Hypovolemic Shock: A Case Report and Literature Review.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Article
- Insights into GLP-1 and insulin secretion mechanisms in pasireotide-induced hyperglycemia highlight effectiveness of Gs-targeting diabetes treatment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Best practices in the management of thyroid dysfunction induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.European thyroid journal · 2025Review
- Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced adrenal insufficiency.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Fluctuations in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration may predict the onset of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hypophysitis.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- Nivolumab plus ipilimumab induced endocrinopathy and acute interstitial nephritis in metastatic sarcomatoid renal-cell carcinoma: A case report and review of literature.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The function of adrenal glands in children and adolescents during and after oncological treatment.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2022Review
- Immune Checkpoints: Therapeutic Targets for Pituitary Tumors.Disease markers · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are potent therapeutic options for many types of advanced cancer. The expansion of ICIs use however has led to an increase in immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Secondary adrenal insufficiency (AI) can be life-threatening especially in patients with delayed diagnosis. We retrospectively investigated secondary AI in ICI-treated patients. A total of 373 cancer patients treated with ICIs were included and evaluated. An adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency was described in 13 patients. Among 24 patients with a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab therapy, 7 patients (29%) developed secondary AI in a median time of 8 weeks during the combination therapy and 2 of 15 patients (13%) developed isolated ACTH deficiency during maintenance nivolumab monotherapy following the combination therapy. More than half of the patients (4/7) with a combination therapy-induced multiple anterior hormone deficiencies was diagnosed as secondary AI based on regular ACTH and cortisol tests with slight subjective symptoms. Secondary AI can arise frequently and rapidly in cancer patients receiving a combination ICI therapy, and thus we speculate active surveillance of AI using regular ACTH and cortisol tests during the combination therapy might be useful for avoiding life-threatening conditions due to secondary AI.
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