ArticleScientific reports2021
Mycoplasma pneumoniae CARDS toxin exploits host cell endosomal acidic pH and vacuolar ATPase proton pump to execute its biological activities.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Complete Blood Count-Derived Inflammatory Markers in Pediatric Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection impairs asthma control in pediatric patients and exacerbates allergic airway inflammation.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Melatonin attenuates Mycoplasma pneumoniae-Induced Inflammation and barrier dysfunction by CXCL10/TLR4/STAT1 axis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Children: A Focus on Adenovirus and Mycoplasma Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bacterial Toxin Exploits Host Membrane Phospholipid as a Receptor for Binding, Entry, and Cytopathogenicity.Molecular microbiology · 2026Article
- Dual mode of delivery ofmBio · 2026Article
- Comparative progress on the mechanisms of airway mucosal injury induced by different pathogens: SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Immune dysregulation inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Research progress on the mechanisms of mucus retention after mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Comparative genomic analysis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated in the United Kingdom, between 2016 and 2024.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Unraveling the role of distinct cytoskeletal motility structures in Mycoplasma pneumoniae relatives.BMC microbiology · 2025Review
- The role of IFN-γ/CXCL10 axis in Mycoplasma pneumonia infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Rapid detection ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Exploring the pathogenetic mechanisms ofExperimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Review
- Insight into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Current microbiology · 2022Review
- The CARDS toxin ofFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome Toxin: Unique Exotoxin forFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized children in the United States. It is also responsible for a spectrum of other respiratory tract disorders and extrapulmonary manifestations in children and adults. The main virulence factor of M. pneumoniae is a 591 amino acid multifunctional protein called Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin. The amino terminal region of CARDS toxin (N-CARDS) retains ADP-ribosylating activity and the carboxy region (C-CARDS) contains the receptor binding and vacuolating activities. After internalization, CARDS toxin is transported in a retrograde manner from endosome through the Golgi complex into the endoplasmic reticulum. However, the mechanisms and criteria by which internalized CARDS toxin is transported and activated to execute its cytotoxic effects remain unknown. In this study, we used full-length CARDS toxin and its mutant and truncated derivatives to analyze how pharmacological drugs that alter pH of intracellular vesicles and electrical potential across vesicular membranes affect translocation of CARDS toxin in mammalian cells. Our results indicate that an acidic environment is essential for CARDS toxin retrograde transport to endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, retrograde transport facilitates toxin clipping and is required to induce vacuole formation. Additionally, toxin-mediated cell vacuolation is strictly dependent on the function of vacuolar type-ATPase.
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Registered trials
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