Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34078734›Full record

Observational studySaudi medical journal2021

Prevalence of retinopathy and associated risk factors among high- and low-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An observational study.

Salem A Alghamdi, Ayla M Tourkmani, Turki J Alharbi, Abdulaziz Bin Rsheed, Wedad H Almadani

Open access · diamondAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Saudi medical journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 28% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Retinopathy prevalence, incidence and trajectories in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle diabetes study phase II.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2023
    Trial
  2. Diabetes Technology in Saudi Arabia: Current Status and Future Directions.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Salem A AlghamdiFrom the Family and Community Medicine Department (Alghamdi, Tourkmani, Alharbi, Alrasheed), Chronic Illness Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City; and Biostatistician (Almadani), National Center of Evidence Based Health Practice, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Ayla M TourkmaniFrom the Family and Community Medicine Department (Alghamdi, Tourkmani, Alharbi, Alrasheed), Chronic Illness Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City; and Biostatistician (Almadani), National Center of Evidence Based Health Practice, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Turki J AlharbiFrom the Family and Community Medicine Department (Alghamdi, Tourkmani, Alharbi, Alrasheed), Chronic Illness Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City; and Biostatistician (Almadani), National Center of Evidence Based Health Practice, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Abdulaziz Bin RsheedFrom the Family and Community Medicine Department (Alghamdi, Tourkmani, Alharbi, Alrasheed), Chronic Illness Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City; and Biostatistician (Almadani), National Center of Evidence Based Health Practice, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Wedad H AlmadaniFrom the Family and Community Medicine Department (Alghamdi, Tourkmani, Alharbi, Alrasheed), Chronic Illness Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City; and Biostatistician (Almadani), National Center of Evidence Based Health Practice, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital · SA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo assess the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of different risks, based on the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in in the chronic illness clinics in Saudi Arabia between January 2019 and February 2020. Data were extracted from 428 T2DM patients' medical records and random sampling were carried out using a ratio of 1:3, matched for gender and duration of DM. Patients with HbA1c level ≥9% were classified as 'high-risk' and HbA1c ≤7% as 'low-risk'. Retinopathy was confirmed by an ophthalmologist using fundus photography.

resultsThe prevalence of DR in high-risk patient was 88.1% and 22.1% in low-risk patients. The prevalence of macular oedema was higher in the high-risk compared to low-risk patients (15.8% versus 4.9%,

conclusionHigh HbA1c and LDL levels were associated with DR risk. Further multicentre studies involving large samples are required to assess the risk factors associated with DR progression.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic RetinopathyAgedCross-Sectional StudiesGlycated HemoglobinHumansMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsSaudi ArabiaGlycated Hemoglobinprevalenceretinopathyrisk factorstype 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID34078734
PMCPMC9149720
OpenAlexW3164233902

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.