ArticleScience advances2021
Metabolically engineered stem cell-derived exosomes to regulate macrophage heterogeneity in rheumatoid arthritis.
Article in Science advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 223 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular vesicles as therapeutic agents in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of current evidence.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Encapsulation and assessment of therapeutic cargo in engineered exosomes: a systematic review.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Pooled it
- Extracellular vesicles as bioactive nanotherapeutics: An emerging paradigm for regenerative medicine.Theranostics · 2022Pooled it
- Hit the bull's eye: Engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted therapy.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Targeted Strategies of Adipose Stem Cells for Metabolic Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Translation Challenges.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- Dual-Targeting Biomimetic Nanozymes Loaded Microneedle Patch Promotes Scarless Wound Healing Through Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fibrotic Effects.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Reprogramming microglia via ShK-modified extracellular vesicles promotes immunomodulation and functional recovery after spinal cord injury.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Cell-Specific Extracellular Vesicles Targeting Strategies for Immune Modulation in Inflammatory Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicle-embedded alginate hydrogel patch for accelerated wound healing.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Engineered small extracellular vesicles as bioactive materials: Integrating engineering strategies for cargo loading and targeted delivery systems.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Bee sting-shaped microneedles for accelerating Achilles tendinopathy healing via enhanced regulating macrophage polarization.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Vesicles for cell crosstalk in bone: composition, function and application.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Engineering Approaches to Modify Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs): Tissue Regeneration and Clinical Application.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in Rheumatoid Arthritis: More Than Vehicles.Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Review
- Improving wound healing function and storage stability of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles via lyophilized hyaluronic acid formulation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Mannose Oligosaccharide-Conjugated In Situ Pore-Forming Injectable Hydrogels for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment by Reprogramming Macrophage Extracellular Vesicles.Small methods · 2026Article
- Exosomes as Emerging Nanocarriers for Targeted Cancer Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- From Uptake to Therapeutic Function in Engineered Exosome Delivery Systems.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Engineered Exosomes: Advances in Therapeutic Applications for Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Exosome-Based Cartilage-Targeted Delivery System: Strategies and Applications.Small science · 2026Review
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the remarkable advances in therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a large number of patients still lack effective countermeasures. Recently, the reprogramming of macrophages to an immunoregulatory phenotype has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for RA. Here, we report metabolically engineered exosomes that have been surface-modified for the targeted reprogramming of macrophages. Qualified exosomes were readily harvested from metabolically engineered stem cells by tangential flow filtration at a high yield while maintaining their innate immunomodulatory components. When systemically administered into mice with collagen-induced arthritis, these exosomes effectively accumulated in the inflamed joints, inducing a cascade of anti-inflammatory events via macrophage phenotype regulation. The level of therapeutic efficacy obtained with bare exosomes was achievable with the engineered exosomes of 10 times less dose. On the basis of the boosted nature to reprogram the synovial microenvironment, the engineered exosomes display considerable potential to be developed as a next-generation drug for RA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.