ArticleBMC public health2021
Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transmission models of respiratory infections in carceral settings: A systematic review.Epidemics · 2025Pooled it
- The effectiveness of non-exposure to incarceration in preventing COVID-19 and mitigating associated events: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Budget impact of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 in a large urban jail: an activity-based cost analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Association between vaccine uptake and SARS-CoV-2 infection among staff at a jail and prison in the USA.International journal of prison health · 2025Article
- Prison connectivity and disease transmission to neighboring communities: The role of prison staff.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- COVID-19 impacts on decarceration for Indigenous, Black, and other racialized people in Ontario, Canada: an interrupted time series study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 after booster vaccination in a prison in Alicante (Spain).Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Racial, Ethnic, Sex, and Age Differences in COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Among Incarcerated People and Staff in Correctional Facilities in Six Jurisdictions, United States, March-July 2020.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Article
- Infection Prevention and Control in Correctional Settings.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Stress and Anxiety Among Correctional Health Care Professionals in a U.S. State Prison System During COVID-19.Journal of correctional health care : the official journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care · 2024Article
- Campus source to sink wastewater surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).Current research in microbial sciences · 2024Article
- Facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination among incarcerated people and staff in three large, state prisons: a cross-sectional study.Health & justice · 2023Article
- Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between and into California state prisons.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Burden in Adult Correctional or Detention Facilities and the Surrounding Communities, January 1, 2020-July 20, 2021.Journal of correctional health care : the official journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care · 2023Article
- Assessment of Nutritional Status and Health Perception among Male Inmates in Israeli Prisons.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Pandemic detention: life with COVID-19 behind bars in Maryland.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Ventilation conditions during COVID-19 outbreaks in six California state carceral institutions.PloS one · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Mitigation Strategies, Testing, and Cases at 254 Jails in the US Southeast, October 2020 to May 2021.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- The COVID-19 pandemic behind bars: Experimental evidence showing higher support for decarceration when framed as risk to correctional staff.SSM - population health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMultiple large outbreaks of COVID-19 have been documented in prisons and jails across regions of the world, with hazardous environmental conditions amplify the risks of exposure for both incarcerated people and correctional staff. The objectives of this study are to estimate the cumulative prevalence of COVID-19 cases among U.S. prison staff over time and compare it to the prison inmate population and the general U.S. population, overall, and to examine risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff across jurisdictions.
methodsWe use publicly available data (April 22, 2020 to January 15, 2021) to estimate COVID-19 crude case rates per 1000 with 95% confidence intervals over the study period for prison staff, incarcerated population, and general population. We also compare COVID-19 case rates between prison staff and the general population within jurisdictions.
resultsOver the study period, prison staff have reported consistently higher rates of COVID-19 compared to the general population, with prison staff case rates more closely mirroring the incarcerated population case rates. The rolling 7-day average case rates for prison staff, prison population, and general population on January 15, 2021 were 196.04 per 1000 (95%CI 194.81, 197.26), 219.16 (95%CI 218.45, 219.86), and 69.80 (95%CI 69.78, 69.83), respectively. There was substantial heterogeneity across jurisdictions, yet in 87% of study jurisdictions, the risk of COVID-19 was significantly greater among prison staff than the general state population.
conclusionsTargeting staff for COVID-19 mitigation strategies is essential to protect the health of people who intersect with the correctional system and to flatten the curve in the surrounding communities.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.