ArticleBMC public health2021
Experiences and factors associated with transphobic hate crimes among transgender women in the San Francisco Bay Area: comparisons across race.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and Variations of Sexual Violence Victimization Among US-Based Latino Adults and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review.Journal of sex researchPooled it
- Child Sexual Abuse as a Predictor of Multiple Forms of Victimization Among Transgender Adults in the United States.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2026Article
- Understanding Multi-Victimization: Identifying Socioecological Supports Among Adolescents.The Journal of school health · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated with Lifetime and Recent Traumatic Experiences Among People Living with HIV in Florida.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- "Uncle maria you look beautiful": Experiences of family acceptance among transgender women of color in South Florida.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Characterizing the Prevalence and Perpetrators of Documented Fatal Violence Against Black Transgender Women in the United States (2013-2021).Violence against women · 2025Article
- Article
- Intersectional discrimination, mental health, and health care access among transgender women in Brazil.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Article
- "That's My Girl; I love her": The Promise of Compassionate, Inclusive Healthcare for Black Transgender Women to Support PrEP Use.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Multilevel experiences of carceral violence in Los Angeles, California: first-hand accounts from a racially diverse sample of transgender women.Culture, health & sexuality · 2024Article
- The interaction of adverse childhood experiences, sex, and transgender identity as risk factors for depression: disparities in transgender adults.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- Factors associated with primary healthcare provider access among trans and non-binary immigrants, refugees, and newcomers in Canada.Journal of migration and health · 2024Article
- Experiences of childhood, intimate partner, non-partner, and hate crime-related violence among a sample of people living with HIV in the epicenter of the U.S. HIV epidemic.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on violence exposure and alcohol use among adults who drink alcohol.PloS one · 2024Article
- Preventing sexual violence in sexual orientation and gender diverse communities: A call to action.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2023Review
- US Black-White Differences in Mortality Risk Among Transgender and Cisgender People in Private Insurance, 2011-2019.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTrans women experience high rates of gender-based violence (GBV)-a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Transphobic hate crimes are one such form of GBV that affect trans women. However, little is understood about factors that shape transphobic hate crimes and racial/ethnic variation in these experiences. To contextualize GBV risk and police reporting, we examined self-reported types and correlates of transphobic hate crimes by racial/ethnic group of trans women in the San Francisco Bay Area.
methodsFrom 2016 to 2018, trans women participated in a longitudinal cohort study of HIV. Secondary data analyses (N = 629) examined self-reported experiences of transphobic hate crimes (i.e., robbery, physical assault, sexual assault, and battery with weapon) by race/ethnicity, and whether hate crimes were reported to the police. Chi-square tests and simple logistic regression examined demographic, sociocultural, and gender identity factors associated with transphobic violence experiences and police reporting.
resultsAbout half (45.8%) of participants reported ever experiencing a transphobic hate crime; only 51.1% of these were reported to the police. Among those who reported a hate crime experience, Black (47.9%) and Latina (49.0%) trans women reported a higher prevalence of battery with a weapon; White (26.7%) and trans women of "other" race/ethnicities (25.0%) reported a higher prevalence of sexual assault (p = 0.001). Having one's gender questioned, history of sex work, homelessness as a child and adult, and a history incarceration were associated with higher odds of experiencing a transphobic hate crime. Trans women who felt their gender identity questioned had lower odds of reporting a hate crime to the police compared to those did not feel questioned.
conclusionsA high proportion of trans women experienced a transphobic hate crime, with significant socio-structural risk factors and racial differences by crime type. However, crimes were underreported to the police. Interventions that address structural factors, especially among trans women of color, can yield violence prevention benefits.
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