ArticleCell2021
Microbial exposure during early human development primes fetal immune cells.
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In one paragraph
Article in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 161 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
161citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
24.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
161 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 307 citations in OpenAlex.
- Roles of the gut microbiome in weight management.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Pooled it
- [Pathways and Mechanisms of Periodontitis Contributing to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2023Pooled it
- Autologous Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells Modulate Immunity and the Microbiota in Very Preterm Twins: A Randomized Trial.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Trial
- Metformin Treatment in PCOS Pregnancies Reduces Maternal Infections and Increases the Risk of Allergies and Eczema in the Offspring: Post Hoc Analyses of Two Randomised Controlled Trials and One Follow-Up Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Trial
- Prenatal SEB Exposure Triggers Biphasic Notch Signaling Modulation in Offspring Thymus From Neonatal Suppression to Adult Activation.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Genome-wide association study and predictors of neonatal blood cell traits in Hispanic newborns.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Intergenerational effects of the microbiota on neurodevelopment: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Immune development in early life.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Maternal-prenatal gut microbiome-systemic metabolome perturbations and TGenome medicine · 2026Article
- Potential subtype-specific alterations in gut microbiota and branched-chain amino acid metabolism in hydrogen- and methane-predominant small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Viromic profiling of amniotic fluid reveals distinct viral communities associated with maternal health status.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Underexplored maternal microbiomes: immune, metabolic, and microbial pathways shaping pregnancy outcomes.Infection and immunity · 2026Review
- A mother's touch: microbial guardians of early immune imprinting.Trends in immunology · 2026Review
- Prenatal Exposure to Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Influences Fetal Gut Immunity and Immune Programming.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Unveiling balanced prenatal microbial colonization in amniotic fluid through an integrated culture and sequencing approach.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal decoding of skin biology: development, aging, disease, and regeneration.Burns & trauma · 2026Article
- Crosstalk between the microbiome and the mucosal immunoglobulin A system in the lung, in health and disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Factors influencing gut microbial colonization: A host-microbe-environment interaction perspective.Current research in food science · 2026Review
- Early-life microbiota exposure and prevention of childhood asthma: immunological mechanisms and intervention perspectives.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Guardians within: Cross-talk between the gut microbiome and host immune system.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2025Review
101 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
37 authors at 10 institutions in 6 countries.
Archita MishraSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Ghee Chuan LaiSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Leong Jing YaoTranslational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
Thet Tun AungDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
Noam ShentalDepartment of Mathematics and Computer Science, Open University of Israel, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel.
Aviva Rotter-MaskowitzDepartment of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
Edwin ShepherdsonDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
Gurmit Singh Naranjan SinghSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Rhea PaiGenome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
Adhika ShantiSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Regina Men Men WongGenome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
Andrea LeeTranslational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
Costerwell KhyriemDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
Charles Antoine DutertreSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
Svetoslav ChakarovSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
K G SrinivasanSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Nurhidaya Binte ShadanSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Xiao-Meng ZhangSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Shabnam KhalilnezhadSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Fabien CottierSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Alrina Shin Min TanSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Gillian LowSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Phyllis ChenTranslational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
Yiping FanDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
Pei Xiang HorSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Avery Khoo May LeeSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Mahesh ChoolaniDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singpore.
David VermijlenDepartment of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium.
Ankur SharmaGenome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 7214, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
Garold FuksDepartment of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
Ravid StraussmanDepartment of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
Norman PavelkaSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Benoit MalleretSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
Naomi McGovernDepartment of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK. Electronic address: nm390@cam.ac.uk.
Salvatore AlbaniTranslational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore. Electronic address: salvatore.albani@singhealth.com.sg.
Jerry Kok Yen ChanDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 119077, Singapore. Electronic address: jerrychan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
Florent GinhouxSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China. Electronic address: florent_ginhoux@immunol.a-star.edu.sg.
Agency for Science, Technology and Research · SGNational University of Singapore · SGWeizmann Institute of Science · ILKK Women's and Children's Hospital · SGSingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre · SGDigital Catapult · GBOpen University of Israel · ILSingapore Immunology Network · SGSingHealth · SGUniversité Libre de Bruxelles · BE
Funding
Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 204464/Z/16/Z
Abstract
The human fetal immune system begins to develop early during gestation; however, factors responsible for fetal immune-priming remain elusive. We explored potential exposure to microbial agents in utero and their contribution toward activation of memory T cells in fetal tissues. We profiled microbes across fetal organs using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and detected low but consistent microbial signal in fetal gut, skin, placenta, and lungs in the 2
Indexed as
Embryonic DevelopmentAdultBacteriaCell ProliferationDendritic CellsFemaleFetusGastrointestinal TractHumansImmunologic MemoryLeukocytesLymphocyte ActivationMicrobial ViabilityPregnancyPregnancy Trimester, SecondReproducibility of ResultsRNA, BacterialRNA, Ribosomal, 16Sbacteriafetal Developmentfetal immunityimmune memoryimmune primingmicrobesmicrobiomeTemTreg
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.